初创公司尽调
尽调报告 Commercial space stations / space infrastructure Series A 2026-05-22

Vast Space

商业空间站先发者,硬件进展真实,但任务风险呈二元化

Vast Space 已经拿出真实硬件进展,团队可信,也抢在后 ISS 时代 LEO 空间站赛道前排,并完成 $500M 机构轮;但它对 SpaceX、NASA CLD 奖项和未收入状态的二元依赖太重,>$2B 隐含估值下更适合继续研究 / 观察,不是买入。

封面要素

累计融资 01
>$1B [CI002]
2026 年 3 月融资 02
$500M ($300M equity + $200M debt) [CR014]
隐含投后估值 03
~$2.3B [CV007]
员工数 04
>1,000 [CI019]
Haven-1 发射目标 05
Q1 2027 [CE027]
收入 06
Pre-revenue [CI037]

公司概况

Vast Space(法律实体:Vast, Inc.)是一家总部位于加州 Long Beach 的商业空间站公司,由 Jed McCaleb 于 2021 年创立。公司短期计划围绕 Haven-1 展开:这是一个单舱、四人商业空间站,宜居体积 45 m³,计划在此前 2026 年中目标延后 3–4 个季度后,于 2027 年 Q1 由 SpaceX Falcon 9 发射。Haven Demo 是在轨技术试验平台,已于 2025 年 11 月飞行并于 2026 年 2 月离轨,验证了分阶段铺路的策略。Vast 已投入超过 $1 billion 总资本,并在 2026 年 3 月完成 $500 million Series A 轮($300M 股权 + $200M 债务)。公司员工超过 1,000 人,是 NASA Commercial Low Earth Orbit Destinations(CLD)Phase 2 竞争的入围方之一,其他入围方包括 Starlab/Voyager 和 Blue Origin 的 Orbital Reef。Vast 仍处于收入前阶段;尚无空间站投入商业运营。Max Haot 自 2023 年 8 月起担任 CEO。

官网
www.vastspace.com
成立时间
2021-01-01
创始人
Jed McCaleb
创立地点
Long Beach, CA, USA
总部
Long Beach, CA, USA
产品
Haven-1 是 Vast 的第一个商业空间站舱段,目标是在 2027 年 Q1 由 SpaceX Falcon 9 发射。Haven-2 是拟议中的多舱 ISS 后继空间站,正在竞争 NASA CLD Phase 2 资金。Vast Satellite 于 2026 年 5 月推出,是 15 kW 级卫星平台产品线,已确认首单销售四台,并有 200 台追加选择权。
客户
载荷合作伙伴、研究机构、私人宇航员任务供应商,以及政府客户(NASA、ESA、各国航天机构),需求集中在 ISS 退役后的 LEO 微重力研究、制造和载人居住。
商业模式
作为商业空间站运营商,Vast 通过载人时间、载荷托管和研究设施收费;长期收入来自政府 CLD 合同、卫星平台销售和私人宇航员任务。公司目前仍处于收入前阶段,需等 Haven-1 发射和首批商业运营落地。
阶段
Series A
融资情况
2026 年 3 月完成 $500M Series A 轮($300M 股权由 Balerion Space Ventures 领投,QIA 和其他投资者参投;另有 $200M 债务)。累计投入资本超过 $1B,2021 年以来主要来自 Jed McCaleb 的个人资金。隐含投后股权估值约 $2.3B(未确认)。融资完成后估计有 $400–$600M 现金和信贷余量。
[CO001, CO003, CO011, CO012, CO023, CO026, CO038, CO040]

执行摘要

主要优势

  • 商业空间站先发且有真实硬件:Haven Demo 已在 2025 年 11 月飞行,Haven-1 正在集成并瞄准 2027 年 Q1,让 Vast 在硬件成熟度上领先多数 CLD 竞争者。
  • 2026 年 3 月 $500M 机构 Series A(Balerion Space Ventures 领投,QIA 参与)把股权结构从创始人资金扩展开,也验证了外部投资人信心。
  • NASA CLD Phase 2 奖项和已签署的 SpaceX Dragon PAM 任务协议,为政府合同收入和锚定载人运营同时铺出可信路径。
  • 创始人 Jed McCaleb 宣称个人投入 $1B,CEO Max Haot 又有 Launcher、Mevo、Livestream 退出经历,战略资源和执行可信度放在了一起。
  • Vast Satellite 产品线(15 kW 级平台、已售四台、200 台期权)在空间站运营前提供了近期收入多元化通道。

主要风险

  • 进度延期风险已经被证明:Haven-1 已从 2026 年中推迟 3–4 个季度到 2027 年 Q1;若再延期,固定 $200M 债务会进一步拉扯现金跑道。
  • SpaceX 是单点依赖:Falcon 9 是唯一签约运载火箭,Dragon 是唯一载人运输工具;SpaceX 一旦出现优先级冲突或重新谈价,可能直接威胁生存。
  • NASA CLD Phase 2 结果既二元又不确定;NASA 自身预算文件和国会评论都显示,近期大规模资助 ISS 后继项目仍受质疑。
  • 未收入阶段资本强度很高:首次商业运营前已投入 $1B+、确认收入为零、背着 $200M 债务;如果 Haven-1 错过 2027 年 Q1,下行会很重。
  • 隐含约 $2.3B 估值尚未确认;相比未收入状态、可比公司和交割时缺少签约经常性收入,这个价格看起来偏高。
  • 关键人集中在 Jed McCaleb(资本)、Max Haot(运营)和 SpaceX 前员工领导层;若多人同时离开,执行风险会很严重。

未决问题

  • 2026 年 3 月融资的最终确认投后股权估值仍未披露;约 $2.3B 数字来自 Forbes 交割前报道估计。
  • NASA CLD Phase 2 的决策时间表、遴选标准权重和单个获奖方资助金额尚未公开。
  • 收入模型单位经济(单座价格、载荷机架价格、任务价格)尚未公开披露。
  • $200M 债务的条款、契约和还款安排未披露,限制了对财务风险触发点的评估。
  • Haven-1 发射清单,以及除远期合作和 MOU 之外已确认付费客户合同,尚未披露。
  • ISS 延寿讨论结果(参议院商务委员会草案)可能实质改变 CLD 资助时间线和竞争格局。

目录

Chapter 01

01公司概况

1.1 身份、使命与产品组合

Vast Space(法律实体:Vast, Inc.)由 Jed McCaleb 于 2021 年在加州创立,最初瞄准用于长期人类居住的人工重力空间站。到 2025–2026 年,战略转为硬件密集的分阶段路径:Haven Demo 这个在轨技术试验平台于 2025 年 11 月 2 日发射,完成 49 项测试目标,并于 2026 年 2 月 4 日离轨,使 Vast 成为唯一飞行、运营并离轨一个专门商业空间站试验平台的商业实体。Haven-1 是单舱、四人商业空间站,宜居体积 45 m³、加压体积 80 m³、功率 13,200 W,并搭载 SpaceX Starlink Gigabit/s 激光终端;该舱段于 2026 年 1 月 20 日在 Vast Long Beach 总部进入集成阶段,目标是在 2027 年 Q1 由 SpaceX Falcon 9 从 Cape Canaveral 发射。Haven-2 是 Vast 提出的多舱 ISS 后继方案,正在竞争 NASA Commercial LEO Destinations(CLD)Phase 2 合同,第一舱目标 2028 年入轨,2032 年形成完整构型。 公司总部位于加州 Long Beach Airport 附近一处 189,000 平方英尺园区,并在 Texas 州 Houston、NASA Johnson Space Center 附近设有第二办公室。Vast 员工超过 1,000 人,采用垂直整合制造模式,约 90% 组件自制;公司称该模式已将主结构制造成本较传统空间站项目降低 10×。2026 年 5 月 19 日,Vast 宣布推出 Vast Satellite,一条 15 kW 级卫星平台产品线,沿用 Haven Demo 技术积累;首单确认销售四台,并有 200 台追加选择权。这是公司向空间站服务之外拓展收入的第一步。[CO001, CO002, CO003, CO004, CO005, CO006]

KPI 快照表
指标数值 / 状态日期置信度缺口 / 注意事项
累计融资>$1 billion2026-03-05公司声明;第三方佐证
最新轮次$500M($300M 股权 + $200M 债务,Series A)2026-03-05None
估值~$2B(Forbes 2025 年 12 月报道;未获官方确认)2025-12-15Vast 拒绝确认;交割时可能更高或更低
员工数1,000+2026-03-05确切人数未披露
收入 / ARR未披露N/AN/A公司尚未产生收入;空间站尚未投入运营
客户数未披露N/AN/A尚未产生收入;未来科研客户和空间站客户未列明
总部园区189,000 sq ft,总部园区位于 Long Beach, CA2025-07-18据 LB Post;第三座仓库仍在完工中
在轨空间站0(Haven-1 正在集成;目标 Q1 2027 发射)2026-01-20Haven Demo 于 Feb 4, 2026 离轨;Haven-1 尚未发射

所有财务数字均来自公司声明或第三方报道;没有公开经审计财务报表。估值数字来自 Forbes 轮前报道,未必反映最终交割条款。员工数来自公司新闻稿;精确人数未披露。对一家尚未产生收入、仍处开发阶段的公司来说,收入和客户数是结构性证据缺口。

[CO007, CO020, CO023, CO024, CO026, CO027]
FO002: 公司快照逻辑

Vast 的身份、产品、客户、资本结构和依赖关系如何串起整体公司逻辑。

[CO001, CO003, CO004, CO021, CO023, CO043]
FO003: 快照 KPI

截至 2026 年 5 月,Vast Space 的关键绩效指标和成熟度信号:硬件进展强,但仍未产生收入。

累计资本数字由公司给出,并获第三方新闻佐证;2026 年 3 月前股权与累计债务的精确拆分并未完全公开。

[CO009, CO010, CO020, CO026, CO027, CO043]

1.2 领导层、治理与关键人物依赖

Vast 管理层把连续创业者基因和深厚的 SpaceX 运营经验拼在一起。Jed McCaleb(创始人、董事会主席兼技术专家)因联合创办 Ripple 和 Stellar 闻名,也是公司的主要资金支持者。Max Haot 自 2023 年 8 月起担任 CEO,通过 Launcher 收购加入;他此前创办并退出 Launcher(被 Vast 收购)、Mevo(被 Logitech 收购)和 Livestream(被 IAC/Vimeo 收购)。Alex Hudson 于 2023 年 8 月加入并担任首任 CTO,此前最近在 SpaceX 任航空电子副总裁,带领 Dragon 航电系统完成 Demo-2。Kris Young 于 2025 年 9 月加入担任 COO,在 SpaceX 工作 14+ 年,曾以任务总监和 Space Operations 总监身份负责全部 19 次 Dragon 载人航天任务。Caryn Schenewerk 担任 Chief Policy Officer,曾任 Relativity Space 监管和政府事务 VP,并在 SpaceX 工作十年。 宇航员顾问团由前 NASA 宇航员负责人 Drew Feustel 领衔,成员包括 Megan McArthur、Garrett Reisman 和 JAXA 宇航员 Naoko Yamazaki,为载人运营提供视角。前 NASA Chief Technologist A.C. Charania 通过 Balerion Space Ventures 在 2026 年 3 月融资中加入董事会。除这些公开姓名外,董事会构成未披露。 关键人物依赖体现在两条轴线上,且影响重大。第一,Jed McCaleb 自 2021 年以来一直是主导资金来源;Forbes 报道称,他曾表示愿意投入最多 $1 billion 个人财富。在外部收入落地前,McCaleb 支持姿态的任何变化都将造成高度扰动。第二,运营 C-suite 高度集中于 SpaceX 校友;Haven-1 执行能否跑通,取决于这些人能否留任并保持一致。Haot、Hudson 或 Young 若同时离职,将构成严重执行风险。[CO011, CO012, CO013, CO014, CO015, CO016]

领导层与创始人表
姓名职位背景创始人-市场匹配 / 职能覆盖关键人物依赖
Jed McCaleb创始人、董事会主席兼 Tech FellowRipple、Stellar、eDonkey 联合创始人;软件工程师、慈善家愿景设定者;主要资金来源;长期使命锚点关键 —— 主要财务支持者;离任或脱离将威胁资金连续性
Max HaotCEO创办 Launcher(被 Vast 收购)、Mevo(被 Logitech 收购)、Livestream(被 IAC/Vimeo 收购);航天和消费电子创业者运营执行;外部融资;行业关系高 —— 公司公众面孔;主导 $500M 融资
Alex HudsonCTOSpaceX 航电 VP;曾领导 Demo-2、SN8、SN15、Starship OFT-1 的 Dragon 航电;MRI Physics 博士载人航天器系统;航电架构;安全文化高 —— 唯一 CTO;带有 SpaceX 履历的技术权威
Kris YoungCOO在 SpaceX 14+ 年;担任全部 19 次 Dragon 载人任务的 Space Operations Director;Demo-2 和 Inspiration4 任务总监;早年在 Northrop Grumman 参与 JWST制造;供应链;任务运营;载人航天执行中 —— 深厚的载人航天运营经验
Caryn Schenewerk首席政策官Relativity Space 监管与政府事务 VP;在 SpaceX 十年;Georgetown Space Law 兼职教授;前 OMB Deputy Associate Director政府关系;FAA/NASA 监管策略;CLD 倡导中 —— 对 CLD Phase 2 竞标推进至关重要
A.C. Charania董事会成员(通过 Balerion Space Ventures)前 NASA Chief Technologist;Balerion Space Ventures 顾问NASA 机构知识;政府可信度信号低 —— 外部董事;不负责运营
Drew Feustel首席宇航员顾问前 NASA 宇航员;3 次 ISS 任务;前 NASA Astronaut Office 负责人乘员安全;居住舱设计输入;任务规划可信度低 —— 仅为顾问角色

本表覆盖已公开确认的 C-suite、董事会和首席顾问角色;完整董事会构成以及与投资人董事席位绑定的任何治理权利均未公开披露。依赖评级是作者基于角色关键性和继任透明度作出的判断。

[CO011, CO012, CO013, CO014, CO015, CO016]

1.3 融资历史、估值与投资者版图

从 2021 年创立到 2024 年底,Vast 几乎完全依靠 Jed McCaleb 个人资金支持。首笔公开确认的外部机构投资发生在 2024 年 10 月:IQT(In-Q-Tel,CIA 旗下风险投资机构)投入未披露金额,并取得董事会观察员席位,释放出国家安全方向的协同信号。公司首个重要正式外部融资轮于 2026 年 3 月 5 日完成,总额 $500 million,由 $300 million Series A 股权和 $200 million 债务构成。股权轮由 Balerion Space Ventures 领投,IQT、Qatar Investment Authority(QIA)、Mitsui & Co.、MUFG、Nikon Corporation(通过与 Geodesic Capital 合作的 NFocus Fund)、Stellar Ventures、Space Capital 和 Earthrise Ventures 参投;Jed McCaleb 也以创始人和首位投资者身份再次参与。Balerion 的 A.C. Charania 是前 NASA Chief Technologist,也随交易加入 Vast 董事会。 截至 2026 年 3 月,Vast 在空间站技术和设施上的总投入超过 $1 billion。Forbes 于 2025 年 12 月报道称,Vast 正在洽谈一轮估值 $2 billion 的融资;Vast 未公开确认最终估值。收入、ARR 和客户数均未公开披露;由于尚无空间站商业运营,公司仍处于收入前阶段。$200 million 债务部分在收入产生前形成固定成本义务;若 Haven-1 发射或获客延迟,财务风险会被放大。[CO020, CO021, CO022, CO023, CO024, CO025]

利益相关方 / 投资方图谱
利益相关方类型轮次 / 时间角色 / 战略理由尽调问题
Jed McCaleb个人创始人出资方Pre-Series A 2021–2025(主要);2026 年 3 月(参与)机构进入前的主导出资方;愿意投入最高 $1B 个人财富;继续担任董事会主席核实总出资额和继任计划;关键人物财务风险
Balerion Space Ventures风险投资Series A 领投,2026 年 3 月领投方;A.C. Charania(前 NASA Chief Technologist)加入董事会;太空赛道投资逻辑基金规模、治理权利和交割后董事会构成
IQT(In-Q-Tel / CIA)战略性政府 VC2024 年 10 月(未披露);2026 年 3 月参与2024 年起担任董事会观察员;国家安全契合;情报界用例信号董事会观察员权利性质;涉密用例影响
Qatar Investment Authority(QIA)主权财富基金2026 年 3 月参与财务回报;地缘政治信号;海湾国家太空雄心外国主权投资者审查;鉴于国家安全任务的 CFIUS 影响
Mitsui & Co.企业 / 工业战略投资方2026 年 3 月参与工业供应链协同;日本 / 亚太市场准入是否存在供应链或排他性附属协议及其性质
MUFG金融机构2026 年 3 月参与提供债务;日本企业银行关系$200M 债务融资的契约限制;交叉违约条款
Nikon Corporation(通过 NFocus Fund)企业 / 增材制造战略投资方2026 年 3 月参与增材制造(AM)技术协同;Nikon SLM Solutions 合作潜力AM 排他性或许可条款;NFocus Fund 治理

本表仅覆盖公开宣布的投资人;股权结构表未公开。持股比例、董事会投票权和反稀释条款未披露。NFocus Fund 是 Nikon 与 Geodesic Capital 的联合基金。Stellar Ventures、Space Capital 和 Earthrise Ventures 也参与了 2026 年 3 月融资轮,但公开资料有限,为简洁起见省略。

[CO019, CO020, CO021, CO022, CO023, CO025]

1.4 里程碑、牵引力与反向事件

Vast 五年的发展弧线,从隐身创业公司走到拥有可信 ISS 后继竞标资格的硬件测试组织。公司 2021 年创立,2022 年 9 月在 World Satellite Business Week 公开亮相,最初强调人工重力愿景。2023 年初,公司将总部迁至 Long Beach,并收购 Launcher,补入航天器技术和约 120 名员工,其中包括时任 Launcher CEO 的 Max Haot,他随后出任 President。2023 年 5 月,Vast 与 SpaceX 建立合作,由 Falcon 9 发射 Haven-1,并执行随后两次 Dragon 载人任务。 2024 年,公司签署 ESA MOU(6 月)、宣布 Haven-1 集成 Starlink(4 月)、在 Milan 第 75 届 IAC 发布 Haven-2(10 月),并在 12 月与 SpaceX 正式达成两次 Dragon PAM 赴 ISS 任务协议。Haven Demo 于 2025 年 11 月任务成功,在轨三个月完成 49 项目标,是验证分阶段策略的标志性硬件里程碑。Haven-1 于 2026 年 1 月 20 日开始集成;Vast 同时将发射目标更新为 2027 年 Q1,较此前 2026 年目标延后 3–4 个季度。NASA 于 2026 年 2 月授予 Vast 第 6 次 Private Astronaut Mission(PAM-6),确认其具备可信的载人航天运营商地位。 反向信号很明确:在 2026 年 4 月 Space Symposium 上,NASA 官员称可行的商业 LEO 市场尚未出现,且 NASA 没有预算资助多个完整空间站概念,暗示 CLD Phase 2 可能缩小范围。Beyond Earth Institute 2026 年 3 月报告另行指出,监管不确定性、缺乏在轨赔偿政策,以及潜在 LEO 空间站断档,都是 CLD 计划的结构性风险。这些逆风对 Vast 商业模式影响重大,因为 Haven-2 依赖 NASA 作为锚定客户。[CO028, CO029, CO030, CO031, CO032, CO033]

里程碑表
日期事件类型金额 / 估值 / 状态关键参与方影响
2021Jed McCaleb 创立 Vast Inc.创立N/AJed McCaleb商业空间站追求开启;主要靠自有资金
Sep 2022在 World Satellite Business Week 和 IAC Paris 公开宣布公司产品N/AMcCaleb、Vast 团队人工重力任务公开披露;人才和合作伙伴拓展启动
Jan 2023总部从 El Segundo 迁至新的 Long Beach 园区(初始 115,000 sq ft)扩张N/AVast 与 City of Long Beach制造级设施到位;接入「Space Beach」生态
Feb–Mar 2023Vast 收购 Launcher(Max Haot 于 2017 年创立)产品未披露对价Vast、Launcher 团队(约 120 名员工)Max Haot 加入并担任 President;航天器技术和人才加速空间站开发
May 2023SpaceX 合作宣布:签约 Falcon 9 发射 Haven-1 以及两次 Dragon 载人任务合作N/AVast、SpaceX关键发射与乘员运输锁定;与 SpaceX 的协同加深
Aug 2023Max Haot 任 CEO;Alex Hudson 任首任 CTO;McCaleb 转任董事会主席治理N/AMcCaleb、Haot、Hudson执行阶段领导层专业化;继任结构正式化
Apr 2024宣布 Haven-1 将接入 Starlink(Gigabit/s 激光终端)合作N/AVast、SpaceX Starlink在轨互联网能力锁定;乘员和载荷连接能力形成差异化
Jun 2024在 ILA Berlin 签署 ESA MOU合作N/AVast(Max Haot)与 ESA(Josef Aschbacher)欧洲准入和合作正式启动;国际伙伴管线打开
Oct 2024Haven-2 在第 75 届 IAC Milan 发布;IQT 投资宣布;Kris Young 尚未加入产品未披露(IQT)Vast、IQTISS 接替方案设计公开;国家安全机构投资人确认
Dec 2024与 SpaceX 就两次 Dragon ISS PAM 任务的交易正式化合作N/AVast、SpaceX(Gwynne Shotwell)CLD Phase 2 竞标前,ISS 过渡策略正式化;NASA PAM 管线锁定
Nov 2, 2025Haven Demo 任务成功:搭乘 Bandwagon-4 拼车发射;完成 49 个测试目标产品N/AVast Mission Control、SpaceX唯一飞行并运营自有空间站技术航天器的商业实体;降低 Haven-1 风险
Jan 20, 2026Haven-1 在 Long Beach 总部开始集成;发射目标更新为 Q1 2027(从 2026 年滑后)产品N/AVast 工程团队反向:较 May 2026 目标滑后 3–4 个季度;集成复杂度已被承认
Feb 12, 2026NASA 将第 6 次 Private Astronaut Mission(PAM-6)授予 Vast,目标 2027 年夏季监管N/AVast、NASA首个载人 NASA 任务确认其载人航天运营资质;CLD 竞标增强
Mar 5, 2026$500M 融资交割:$300M Series A 股权 + $200M 债务融资$500M;累计融资 >$1BBalerion、IQT、QIA、Mitsui、MUFG、Nikon、Stellar Ventures、Space Capital、Earthrise Ventures、McCaleb 等投资方外部机构背书锁定;Haven-1 发射前资产负债表延长
May 19, 2026Vast Satellite 产品线宣布;签下 4 台销售,并有 200 台追加选择权产品销售价值保密Vast、未披露客户收入多元化信号;Haven Demo 技术在空间站收入前实现商业化利用

本表覆盖从创立到 2026 年 5 月期间,经公司确认和第三方报道的里程碑;私下开发决策、内部排期变化和非公开商业谈判未纳入。IQT 投资日期依据 Forbes;Launcher 收购的精确日期未由一手来源确认。截至 runDate,CLD Phase 2 授奖预计在 2026 年中,但尚未成为已发生事件。

[CO028, CO029, CO030, CO031, CO032, CO033]
FO001: 公司里程碑时间线

Vast Space 从创立到 2026 年 5 月的关键事件,突出其阶梯式硬件策略和不利进度事件。

Launcher 收购的确切日期为近似值(按公司语境为 2023 年 2–3 月);其他日期均由一手来源确认。

[CO001, CO005, CO008, CO029, CO038, CO039]

1.5 图表证据

Chapter 02

02市场分析

2.1 ISS 退役后商业 LEO 市场:边界、阶段与 NASA 锚定角色

国际空间站(ISS)计划在 2030 年前退役并离轨,结束政府运营的人类在低地球轨道连续驻留二十多年历史。NASA 的 Commercial Low Earth Orbit Destinations(CLD)计划,是从直接运营空间站转向客户模式的主要机制:NASA 的明确目标,是成为众多客户之一,向私营拥有并运营的商业空间站购买服务,而不再自行拥有和运营轨道基础设施。 NASA 的三阶段 CLD 框架组织了这一转型。Phase 1 通过有资助和无资助的 Space Act Agreement(SAA)支持早期设计和开发;Axiom Space 持有固定总价合同,Blue Origin/Sierra Space 和 Starlab Space 获得 Phase 1 有资助 SAA,Vast 则通过 CCSC-2 计划持有无资助 SAA。经 2025 年 8 月 NASA 指令修订后,Phase 2 转向有资助 SAA,重点放在关键设计评审准备和一次在轨载人演示,奖项预计在 2026 年初公布。Phase 3 将使用基于 FAR 的合同,处理正式认证和商业服务采购;完整采购策略仍在制定中。 FY2026 Presidential Budget Request 为 CLD 开发单列 $272.3 million,并预计未来五年投入 $2.1 billion。不过,NASA 于 2026 年 3 月出现重大转向:受预算约束,并因认为足够的非 NASA 需求尚未出现,NASA 宣布 Phase 2 不会资助完整独立空间站,而是提出对接舱模式——允许商业舱段接入 ISS 基础设施。Vast、Axiom、Starlab 等空间站建设方在 2026 年 Space Symposium 上公开反驳,提交超过 390 页独立分析,主张市场具备可行性。截至 2026 年 5 月,Phase 2 奖项结果以及 NASA 会资助 2 家还是 3+ 家供应商,仍是塑造所有 CLD 竞争者近端市场的核心变量。 [CM001, CM002, CM003, CM004, CM005, CM006]

商业 LEO 市场边界与细分定义
细分纳入支出排除支出主要买方 / 付款方与 Vast 的相关性
载人空间站服务NASA 载人任务、主权宇航员任务、私人宇航员任务、居住费ISS National Lab 资助、亚轨道载人飞行NASA、国际机构、私人高净值个人 / 赞助方核心 TAM;Haven-1 和 Haven-2 在这里直接竞争
微重力研发 / 载荷托管载荷舱位租赁、科学支持服务、样本返回、数据下行费用地面微重力模拟、抛物线飞行制药 / 生物科技公司、国家实验室、大学、航天机构Haven-1 Lab:10 个 Middeck Locker Equivalent 舱位瞄准这一细分
太空制造专用制造机柜租赁、产品返回、在轨生产批次地面先进制造、亚轨道制造实验半导体、先进材料、制药公司Haven-1 上仍属推测;计划用于更大的 Haven-2 模块
国防与国家安全DoD 涉密载荷、军民两用传感器、高超音速测试、情报载荷地面国防研发、亚轨道国防载荷DoD、盟友防务机构、国家安全主承包商邻近市场;Vast 的政策团队(Caryn Schenewerk)瞄准这一细分
邻近卫星基础设施卫星平台制造、托管载荷、从空间站开展卫星服务独立卫星制造项目商业卫星运营商、政府任务Vast 2026 年 5 月转向高功率卫星平台,为公司增加这一收入流

细分边界是分析构造;实际采购工具因买方而异。国防支出未披露,只能估计。邻近卫星基础设施基于 Vast 已宣布的战略转向。

[CM001, CM006, CM012, CM014, CM018]

2.2 需求拆分:政府、研究、制造与邻近收入

商业 LEO 空间站市场的需求来自四大板块,各自预算归属、采购周期和价格敏感度都不同。 主权国家和机构任务,是近期收入中最被验证的一类。国际航天机构和国家计划——包括已与 Vast 签署 MOU 的 ESA、通过 JAMSS 参与的 JAXA,以及其他伙伴国家——持续展现出为载人 LEO 设施访问付费的意愿。Axiom Space 已执行四次赴 ISS 私人宇航员任务,搭载 12 名付费客户和 166 个收入载荷,在已展示价格点上验证了这一需求类别。主权宇航员板块带来可预订、近端收入,不依赖未经验证的商业终端市场。 微重力 R&D 和制药制造构成第二个需求支柱。Haven-1 Lab 提供 10 个 Middeck Locker Equivalent 载荷槽位,每个槽位配备 100W 连续功率、Gigabit/s Starlink 连接和样本返回能力。首批合作方 Redwire(药物结晶、生物制造)和 Yuri(生命科学孵化器)都是既有 ISS 生态参与者,正在延伸到商业平台。邻近兴趣覆盖半导体材料、先进涂层和生物科技领域。限制速度的因素是载荷开发成本,以及真正具备太空独特性的制造市场规模仍然很小。 防务和国家安全是一类增长中的需求来源,但大多未披露。DoD 对 LEO 基础设施的军民两用兴趣——涵盖侦察、高超音速测试和通信——可能大幅扩大可服务市场,但合同工具和保密限制压低了公开证据。邻近的卫星平台收入(Vast 于 2026 年 5 月宣布转向高功率卫星平台)提供潜在的非载人收入缓冲,部分降低空间站商业模式风险。The Exploration Company 已签约为 Haven-2 提供货运服务,说明供应链需求正在早期形成。 [CM012, CM013, CM014, CM015, CM017, CM018]

细分市场与买方图谱:预算归属与采用路径
细分市场买方用户付款方采用触发因素预算归属已验证证据
主权宇航员任务国家航天机构(ESA、JAXA、UAE 等)政府资助宇航员国家政府 / 航天机构ISS 运力受限;政治可见度;主权进入太空目标航天机构科学 / 探索预算ESA 与 Vast 的 MOU;JAMSS 是 Haven-1 载荷伙伴;Axiom 的 4 次 ISS 任务
NASA 载人任务(锚定需求)NASA SOMDNASA 宇航员美国联邦政府(CLD Phase 3 合同)ISS 退役要求;LEO 微重力连续性需求NASA 太空运营拨款NASA CLD Phase 2 AFP;$2.1B 5 年预算已确认
商业 R&D / 制药制药、生物技术、材料公司科研人员企业 R&D 预算依赖微重力的具体研究需求;ISS 进入通道中断企业 R&D 副总裁;赞助研究项目Redwire 与 Yuri 是 Haven-1 Lab 伙伴;ISS National Lab 载荷生态
私人宇航员 / 太空旅游高净值个人、赞助商、国家项目私人乘客个人 / 赞助商 / 机构体验需求;国家声望;品牌赞助个人 / 项目预算Axiom 的 4 次付费私人任务验证付费意愿
国防 / 国家安全DoD、情报界、盟国防务机构国防操作人员 / 分析师国防拨款战略优势;涉密载荷托管;高超音速测试DoD 采购办公室;涉密项目公开证据有限;Vast 首席政策官背景暗示存在项目管线

采用触发因素与预算归属列来自基于公开来源的分析师判断;除 NASA 和已点名载荷伙伴外,尚无公开披露的 有约束力商业合同。国防细分市场数据来自 Vast 政策团队招聘和 DoD 对 LEO 基础设施的一般兴趣推断。

[CM012, CM013, CM014, CM015, CM017, CM019]
FM003: 买方需求图谱:商业 LEO 空间站需求来源

各买方分部的需求流向商业 LEO 空间站平台;分部大小按证据置信度,而非收入规模。

[CM012, CM013, CM017, CM020]

2.3 供给约束与市场塑造瓶颈

商业 LEO 空间站市场面临一组结构性供给侧约束,卡住资本形成,也卡住首笔收入的时间线。 赔偿和保险是最迫近的融资瓶颈。现有 Commercial Space Launch Act 风险分担框架只覆盖发射和再入;该框架从未延伸到在轨运营,NASA 也从未为其承包商实际启用。CLD 开发商已直接向 NASA Space Operations Mission Directorate 报告,称拟议空间站难以获得足额保险。没有政府赔偿兜底,一次灾难性空间站故障可能让运营商承担超过商业保险市场容量的责任;这会同时劝退股权投资者和贷款方。需要国会行动,或行政部门动用 Public Law 85-804 授权,但截至 2026 年 5 月尚无法案通过。 任务授权同样未解决。美国没有单一机构有权监管商业空间站运营:FAA 管发射,FCC 管频谱,NOAA 管遥感,但在轨居住落在监管空白中,也与美国在 Outer Space Treaty 下的义务不一致。FCC 2025 年 10 月 NPRM(Part 100 框架)处理了许可生态的狭窄部分,却没有建立完整任务授权。2025 年 White House 行政令把临时权限分配给 Department of Commerce,但 Commerce、NASA、FCC 和 FAA 之间的跨机构协调尚未产出运营指引。 时间线风险会放大上述两项约束。ISS 计划 2030 年退役,而商业空间站尚无一座投入运营,“LEO gap”——美国在轨没有载人存在的一段间隔——风险已经实质化。俄罗斯只承诺参与 ISS 至 2028 年。中国的 Tiangong 自 2022 年以来一直有人值守。若出现断档,美国会同时让出战略领导力和持续研究管线。相比之下,发射节奏是赋能因素而非约束因素:SpaceX 每年约 170 次发射,为按当前价格点服务空间站提供足够物流骨架;但对 SpaceX 的单一来源依赖仍是集中风险。 [CM026, CM027, CM028, CM029, CM030, CM031]

增长驱动因素与采用约束
因素方向时间机制对 Vast 的影响尽调问题
ISS 退役要求(2030)驱动2027–2030NASA 必须在硬期限前采购替代 LEO 平台;加速 CLD Phase 2/3最大单一需求催化剂;缺口显现前拿下 Phase 2 SAA 至关重要跟踪 ISS 延期讨论;任何延期都会削弱 CLD 紧迫性
NASA 预算约束 / 转向约束即刻(2026)March 2026 转向对接模块模式,压低近期空间站资金;制造 Phase 2 授奖不确定性NASA 收入确定性下降;Vast 资金需求上升跟踪 Phase 2 AFP 发布及截至 Q3 2026 的授奖决定
赔偿 / 保险缺口约束发射前轨道上赔偿框架缺位;CLD 开发商无法取得足额保险;股权和债权投资人被劝退国会行动前融资风险持续;可能需要 NASA 担保或 PL85-804 授权跟踪国会对 Commercial Space Launch Act 现代化的行动
任务授权真空约束发射前尚无机构获授权为空间站发放运营许可证;FCC NPRM 只是局部修补监管合规的运营边界模糊;国际伙伴合作更复杂跟踪商务部许可框架制定
发射频次上升、发射成本下降驱动持续(2025–2030)SpaceX 每年约 170 次发射提供物流主干;可重复使用中型运载(Neutron、Stokes)进一步降低补给成本降低 Haven-1/2 持续运营成本;支撑有竞争力的乘组轮换经济性量化当前 SpaceX 价格下的补给成本模型,并与 ISS 历史成本对比
中国 Tiangong 竞争压力驱动(地缘政治)持续Tiangong 自 2022 年以来持续驻人;国际伙伴认为美国通道不确定;地缘政治紧迫性加大 CLD 资金压力地缘政治驱动因素强化国会对 CLD 资金的支持跟踪国际机构关于 2028 年后 ISS 和 Tiangong 使用的决定

方向和时间来自公开来源下的分析师判断。“约束”因素不一定阻断市场形成,但会卡住形成速度和融资节奏。 NASA 预算数字来自 FY2026 Presidential Budget Request,以及 NASAWatch 关于 CLD 指令的报道。

[CM001, CM002, CM003, CM026, CM027, CM028]
FM004: NASA CLD 采购漏斗:从开发到商业服务

NASA 的三阶段 CLD 采购漏斗从广泛行业参与收窄到少数获认证服务提供商;Vast 目前位于 Phase 1 入口。

[CM004, CM006, CM007, CM033]

2.4 市场规模:证据基础、确认支出与分析缺口

商业 LEO 空间站领域的市场规模很难界定,因为可服务市场没有清晰边界。分析师关于“LEO 卫星市场”的报告(2026 年 $8.9B 至 $15.7B,2035 年预计 $30B–$62B)把卫星通信星座——Starlink、OneWeb、Project Kuiper——与规模小得多的载人空间站服务市场混在一起。这些宽口径估算不能直接作为 Vast 或任何其他 CLD 竞争者的 TAM。 最稳健的近期规模锚点,是已经确认的政府采购:NASA 五年 $2.1 billion CLD 预算,将在 2–3+ 个 Phase 2 SAA 获得者之间分配,是唯一已签约的锚定支出。Voyager Technologies 披露其 Starlab 通过 NASA SAA 获得 $217 million,为 Phase 2 奖项规模提供了基准。此前 Phase 1 三个团队合计获得 $416 million(Nanoracks/Voyager $160M、Blue Origin $130M、Northrop Grumman $125.6M)。Axiom 的四次 ISS 任务验证了已确认的主权宇航员市场;商业载人任务的定价和利润率未公开披露。 研究基础中没有发现针对载人空间站服务市场、且与更宽泛 LEO 经济区分开的独立自下而上 TAM 估算。分析师覆盖主要由宽口径市场聚合机构主导,方法披露有限,发布方声誉层级较低。商业空间站服务可投资市场,在确认的政府锚定采购之外仍高度投机。这构成尽调中的重大证据缺口。 [CM021, CM022, CM023, CM024, CM025, CM036]

市场规模测算视角:已发布估计与已确认采购
发布方 / 来源年份地理范围市场定义基准值预测值 / CAGR置信度关键局限
NASA(FY2026 PBR)2026美国CLD 项目预算(已确认支出)$272.3M FY2026$2.1B,5 年仅为政府锚定支出;不代表整体商业市场
Voyager/Starlab SAA 披露2025美国Phase 1 NASA SAA 奖项(单一获奖方)$217M+ SAAN/A单一获奖方;Phase 2 授奖规模未披露
NASA Phase 1 总授奖2021美国Phase 1 CLD 合计授奖$416M(3 个接收方)N/A历史数据;Phase 2 结构和资金尚未确定
Business Research Insights2026全球LEO 卫星市场(宽口径)$8.86B,2026到 2035 年 $35.21B(CAGR 16.6%)将卫星星座与载人空间站服务混在一起;方法不透明
Market Reports World(市场报告来源)2026全球LEO 卫星市场(宽口径)$15.7B,2026到 2035 年 $61.7B(CAGR 14.7%)同样存在口径混同;与 BRI 差异很大,说明范围定义不一致
Beyond Earth Institute(分析师)2026全球CLD 载人空间站服务(叙述口径)未量化描述政策解决后会出现数十亿美元级机会仅为定性判断;没有自下而上模型;强调 TAM 落地的结构性障碍

分析师对“LEO 卫星市场”的 TAM 估算,主要反映通信星座的资本开支 / 收入(Starlink、OneWeb、Kuiper), 不能直接拿来和载人空间站服务收入对比。已确认的采购数字(NASA PBR、SAA 奖项)是唯一有来源支撑的数字; 其他数值均为第三方估算,方法披露有限。

[CM021, CM022, CM023, CM024]
FM001: 商业 LEO 空间站市场:从已确认到推测的规模分层

市场规模层级从 NASA 已确认采购(窄口径、高置信度)到宽口径 LEO 卫星市场估算(大口径、推测性);载人空间站服务处在一个尚未独立测算的子层。

Business Research Insights(2035 年 $35B)和 Market Reports World(2035 年 $62B)的广义 LEO 市场数字,是分析师对整个 LEO 卫星经济的估算,不能与载人空间站服务收入直接比较。NASA CLD 预算来自 FY2026 Presidential Budget Request。

[CM002, CM021, CM024]
FM002: LEO 市场估算区间:分析师低、中、高情景

关键市场量级的低 / 高边界均有来源支撑;区间很宽,反映分析师报告之间定义不一致。

LEO 卫星市场区间来自 Business Research Insights(低:$8.86B/2026、$35.2B/2035)和 Market Reports World(高:$15.7B/2026、$61.7B/2035);两者覆盖完整 LEO 卫星经济,而不只是载人空间站服务。中点为插值。NASA 数字是已确认预算科目,不是估计值。

[CM022, CM023, CM024, CM039]

2.5 图表证据

Chapter 03

03竞争格局

3.1 竞争版图:类别、入局者与市场结构

ISS 退役后的商业 LEO 空间站市场,有四类竞争替代方案需要 Vast 应对:(1)由 NASA CLD 计划资助的直接自由飞行商业同行;(2)Axiom Station 先接入 ISS、再自由飞行的混合模式,它锚定近端过渡;(3)ISS 本身以及任何立法延寿,作为现状替代;(4)中国的 Tiangong,它主要在地缘政治层面对节奏施压,而非直接商业对手。 三个主要直接竞争对手是 Axiom Space(Houston)、Starlab Space(Voyager Technologies 牵头的合资公司)和 Orbital Reef(Blue Origin 与 Sierra Space)。四个商业入局者——Axiom、Starlab、Orbital Reef 和 Vast——均参与 NASA CLD 框架,但获得政府资金支持的层级差异显著。Axiom 持有 NASA 的固定总价、IDIQ 合同,是唯一拥有正式采购关系而非 Space Act Agreement 的玩家。Starlab 和 Orbital Reef 持有 Phase 1 有资助 SAA(分别为 $218M 和 $130M)。Vast 只有 2023 年通过 CCSC-2 计划获得的无资助 SAA。 NASA 修订后的 Phase 2 策略(2025 年 8 月指令)要求向至少两家、最好三家或更多供应商授予有资助 SAA。多供应商模式意味着,近期市场并不是围绕 CLD Phase 2 的赢家通吃竞争;但 FY2026 的 $272.3M 和五年 $2.1B Phase 2 预算有限,供应商优先级排序会产生实质影响。关键在于,Vast 是 Phase 1 CCSC-2 入局者,而非 Phase 1 有资助 SAA 获得者,因此进入 Phase 2 竞争时没有此前 NASA 里程碑付款;在硬件制造成为门槛的阶段,这是结构性资本劣势。 现状替代——延长 ISS 寿命——构成有意义的风险。2026 年 3 月,一项将 ISS 运营延长两年至 2032 年的参议院 NASA 授权法案通过参议院商务委员会;若最终生效,商业空间站的紧迫性会下降,并延长 Axiom 混合模式(舱段接入 ISS)的可行窗口,可能拖慢 Haven-1 所瞄准的过渡时间线。中国政府资助的 Tiangong 自 2022 年以来持续有人值守,提供地缘政治背景,但不是西方商业航天用户的商业替代。 [CP001, CP002, CP003, CP004, CP005, CP006]

商业 LEO 空间站竞品概况摘要
竞品类别规模 / 资本NASA 关系目标细分市场关键差异化主要限制
Vast Space (Haven-1/2)直接自由飞行竞品$1B+ 融资(March 2026),未获资助 NASA SAA未获资助 SAA(CCSC-2,2023);无 Phase 1 拨款NASA 乘组、主权机构任务、微重力 R&D最早商业空间站(Q1 2027 目标);唯一已飞行、运营并离轨空间站试验平台(Haven Demo)的公司直接竞品中 NASA 关系最弱;依赖 SpaceX 单一来源;无 ISS 运营经验
Axiom Space (Axiom Station)直接 ISS 混合模式,随后自由飞行私营;累计融资估计 $1.7–2B+;估值未披露固定总价 IDIQ 合同(2020);政府关系最深NASA 乘组、主权任务、私人宇航员、ISS 时代研究连续性12 名付费乘组、166 个收入载荷已飞;唯一拥有 ISS 运营记录的 CLD 玩家;CDR 于 2024 完成运营目标 2028;ISS 挂靠式分阶段模型在 ISS 退役时增加过渡复杂度
Starlab Space (Starlab)直接自由飞行竞品母公司 Voyager Technologies(VOYG)市值约 $2.37B(May 2026);Phase 1 NASA SAA $218MPhase 1 获资助 SAA $218M(已拨付 $183M);跨国 JV(Voyager、Airbus、Mitsubishi、MDA)NASA 乘组、主权任务、生物制药和先进制造 R&D商业载荷已订满(March 2026);单次 Starship 发射架构;欧洲工业伙伴关系最强2029 目标;CDR 尚未完成;SpaceX Starship 是单一来源,载人认证构型尚未飞行
Orbital Reef(Blue Origin + Sierra Space 联合项目)直接自由飞行竞品Sierra Space:累计 $2B,估值 $8B(March 2026);Blue Origin:私营(未披露)Phase 1 获资助 SAA $130M(Blue Origin,2021)商业、研究、旅游;国防(Sierra Space 转向)ESA MOU 覆盖潜在欧洲用途;Sierra Space LIFE® 栖息舱;模块化设计主要竞品中公开里程碑披露最少;未宣布 CDR 完成;Sierra Space 转向国防可能稀释空间站投入
ISS 延期(现状替代方案)政府拥有的替代方案NASA 资助;数十年沉没投资NASA 拥有并运营(无 CLD 竞争)NASA 长期任务、既有国际研究连续性已验证、持续驻人的基础设施;延长至 2032 的参议院法案于 March 2026 通过委员会计划 2030 离轨;运营成本高($3–4B/year);无商业扩展;基础设施老化
中国 Tiangong地缘政治压力,不是商业对手政府拥有并运营(西方用户无商业入口)无 NASA 关系;不是 CLD 竞品中国及伙伴国家政府乘组和研究自 2022 年以来持续驻人;已建立运营节奏美国 / 西方商业客户无法进入;仅构成战略紧迫性驱动

资本数字来自截至 May 2026 的最新公开披露;Axiom 与 Blue Origin 的私营估值未获公开确认。Starlab JV 所有权和 SAA 拨付来自 Voyager Technologies 于 March 2026 提交的 Form 10-K。所有 CLD 进度目标均为公司陈述,可能变化。

[CP001, CP009, CP014, CP021, CP006, CP007]
FP001: 竞争定位图:进度成熟度 vs. NASA 关系深度

CLD 竞争者在两个维度上的序数定位:(x)进度成熟度(从设计阶段到在轨运营),(y)NASA 关系深度(从无资助 SAA 到正式合同)。Vast 在进度成熟度上领先(Haven-1 处于 Q1 2027 集成阶段),但 NASA 关系深度落在最低象限。Axiom 在 NASA 关系上领先,进度第二。Starlab 处于中等进度和中等 NASA 关系。Orbital Reef 的进度确定性最低,但已有资助 SAA。

序数评分是基于证据的定性判断,并非来自单一一手来源。进度成熟度评分反映最近一次已确认开发里程碑。NASA 关系评分反映 Phase 1 合同 / SAA 类型和拨款水平。

[CP001, CP009, CP014, CP021, CP028]

3.2 竞争者画像:Axiom Space、Starlab 与 Orbital Reef

**Axiom Space** 截至 2026 年 5 月在 CLD 版图中处于最强竞争位置。其 NASA 固定总价 IDIQ 合同是采购工具而非 SAA,相比任何竞争者,都带来更持久的政府收入,也让 NASA 资金和设计接受节奏更可见。Axiom 已向 ISS 执行四次私人宇航员任务(AX-1 至 AX-4),搭载 12 名付费客户和 166 个收入载荷,建立了其他 CLD 入局者无法匹配的端到端商业载人航天记录。Axiom 调整了组装顺序,以加速自由飞行能力:Payload, Power and Thermal Module(PPTM)将率先发射,使 Axiom Station 最早可在 2028 年脱离 ISS 并作为自由飞行目的地运营,之后再加入 Hab 1、气闸舱、Hab 2 和 Research and Manufacturing Facility。Thales Alenia Space 正在制造舱段;截至 2026 年 5 月访问的 axiomsspace.com 更新,主结构正在焊接和机加工,关键设计评审已于 2024 年完成。Axiom 的主要限制是时间线风险:运营能力计划在 2028 年,落后 Haven-1 2027 年 Q1 目标 12–18 个月;其分阶段 ISS 接入策略还带有离轨过渡复杂性。 **Starlab Space** 是一家美国主导的合资公司,截至 2025 年底的所有权结构包括 Voyager Technologies(61.9%)、Airbus、Mitsubishi Corporation(2024 年 4 月加入)、MDA Space(2024 年 5 月加入)以及企业软件合作伙伴 Palantir(2024 年 6 月加入)。Starlab 从 NASA 获得 $218M Phase 1 有资助 SAA(其中 $183M 截至 2026 年 3 月已拨付),目标在 2029 年由 SpaceX Starship 单次发射部署。其初步设计评审和安全评审已经完成;详细设计和 CDR 是下一道门槛。一个全尺寸、高保真空间站模型正在 NASA Johnson Space Center Space Vehicle Mockup Facility 建造。商业需求信号在同行中最强:截至 2026 年 3 月,Starlab 的商业载荷容量已全部订满,包括 Yuri 锁定第一整年商业运营,形成 $6M 订单积压。Northrop Grumman 提供 Cygnus 货运物流,Hilton 负责设计乘员舱。Voyager 10-K 披露的 $90M Starship 发射合同定价具有竞争力,但代表对 SpaceX 的单一来源集中,这一点与 Vast 共享。Voyager Technologies 是上市公司(VOYG),2026 年 5 月市值约 $2.37B,为该合资公司的母体提供了部分资本市场参照,但不能直接视为空间站估值。 **Orbital Reef**(Blue Origin 作为项目牵头方,Sierra Space 作为主要商业伙伴)已完成 Phase 1 有资助 SAA 里程碑,包括人在环测试;参与者在乘员舱、餐区、实验室和停泊区的全尺寸模型中评估日常运营。ESA 于 2025 年 6 月与 Blue Origin 和 Thales Alenia Space 签署 MOU,围绕潜在欧洲载荷托管和载人任务合作,这与 Vast 持有的 ESA MOU 相呼应。Sierra Space 另于 2026 年 3 月完成 $550M Series C,估值 $8B,使 2021 年以来总资本达到 $2B,并明显转向防务(Sierra Space Defense 部门、SDA Tranche 2 卫星结构合同)。自 2024 年底以来,Orbital Reef 的公开里程碑节奏低于 Axiom 或 Starlab;截至 2026 年 5 月未公开宣布 CDR 完成。Boeing 仍是合作伙伴,但没有公开披露任何重要 Boeing 空间站硬件里程碑。 [CP009, CP010, CP011, CP012, CP013, CP014]

竞争能力矩阵:关键购买标准 vs. CLD 提供商
购买标准Vast (Haven-1 / Haven-2)Axiom SpaceStarlabOrbital Reef
2028 前空间站入轨是(Haven-1 Q1 2027 目标)是(Axiom Station 2028 目标)否(2029 目标)否(2029+ 目标)
NASA 确定合同或获资助 SAA否(仅未获资助 SAA)是(固定总价 IDIQ)是(获资助 SAA,$218M)是(获资助 SAA,$130M)
私人宇航员任务记录已预订 1 次(首飞尚未执行)是 — 4 次任务,12 名乘组已飞尚未(运营前)尚未(运营前)
已签商业载荷合同Redwire、Yuri(已宣布 Haven-1 Lab)166 个载荷已飞往 ISS载荷容量已订满;$6M 积压订单ESA MOU 覆盖载荷 / 乘组(无约束力)
ISS 传承或持续载人运营否(Haven Demo 已入轨,Feb 2026 离轨)是 — 4 次 ISS 乘组轮换Northrop Grumman ISS Cygnus 传承Blue Origin / Sierra 人在环模型测试
欧洲机构伙伴关系已签 ESA MOUESA AX-3 搭载 Marcus Wandt;ESA AX-4 搭载 UznańskiAirbus 是共同所有者;Airbus Columbus 模块传承ESA 与 Thales Alenia、Blue Origin 的 MOU
单一来源发射风险SpaceX Falcon 9(唯一提供方)SpaceX Falcon 9 / Dragon(主要)SpaceX Starship(唯一,载人认证尚未飞行)Blue Origin New Glenn 与 Sierra Space Dream Chaser
CDR 已完成或推进中Haven-1 CDR 信息未获公开确认CDR 已于 2024 完成初步设计评审已完成;下一步 CDRCDR 状态未公开披露
垂直整合制造~90% 内部完成(声称成本降低 10×)否(Thales Alenia Space 负责模块)否(Airbus 设计 + 伙伴供应链)否(Blue Origin 与 Sierra 为独立实体)
AI / 数字孪生集成未公开宣布未公开披露Palantir AI 数字孪生(宣布于 June 2024)未公开披露

矩阵单元格反映截至 May 2026 的公开披露信息。“尚未”和“未获公开确认”表示证据缺口,不代表能力缺失。 Orbital Reef CDR 状态和 Haven-1 CDR 状态在本研究访问的公开来源中未获确认。

[CP010, CP011, CP015, CP016, CP019, CP020]
FP002: 能力覆盖矩阵:竞品关键差异点

热力图式能力覆盖矩阵,展示截至 2026 年 5 月各竞争者在八个关键竞争维度上能力已确认、部分具备或缺失的情况。

“已确认”=有公开证据;“部分”=有部分证据但不完整;“缺失”=无公开证据;“未知”=证据缺口。能力评估基于截至 2026 年 5 月 22 日获取的公开来源。Orbital Reef CDR 和 Haven-1 CDR 状态因缺少公开确认而为“未知”,不是能力已确认缺失。

[CP010, CP011, CP015, CP019, CP022, CP028]

3.3 横向评估:进度、架构、NASA 定位与资本

从四个维度看——进度成熟度、技术架构、NASA 关系深度和资本充足性——竞争站位差异显著。 **进度成熟度:** Vast 在进度上领先。Haven Demo 已完成飞行、运营和离轨(2025 年 11 月至 2026 年 2 月),提供了同行中唯一在飞空间站试验平台验证。Haven-1 于 2026 年 1 月进入集成阶段,目标 2027 年 Q1 由 SpaceX Falcon 9 发射,比下一个竞争者里程碑(Axiom 2028 年运营)早 18–24 个月。Axiom 排第二,Hab One 制造进行中且 CDR 已完成。Starlab 随后,PDR 已完成、CDR 在前方;目标 2029 年。Orbital Reef 公开时间线最不清晰;未宣布 CDR 完成。 **技术架构:** 各竞争者部署策略差异很大。Axiom 采用分阶段 ISS 接入模式,降低单次发射质量 / 体积风险,但在 ISS 退役时增加运营复杂性。Starlab 选择 Starship 单次发射架构——运力最高但重型运载飞行验证最少——可减少在轨组装,却集中发射风险。Orbital Reef 模块化设计(LIFE® 栖息舱加 Core module)把技术风险分散到多次发射,但增加交会对接复杂性。Vast 的 Haven-1 最简单:用成熟 Falcon 9 发射单舱,不依赖 NASA 认证,也不接入 ISS,最大化入轨速度,但初始容量有限(四名乘员、45 m³ 宜居体积)。Haven-2 若要实现 ISS 级完整能力,需要多次发射。 **NASA 关系深度:** 这是 Vast 最重要的结构性劣势。Axiom 的固定总价 IDIQ 合同是最深的政府关系,提供基于 SAA 的竞争者没有的合同收入确定性。Starlab 的 $218M 有资助 SAA($183M 已拨付)处于下一层。Orbital Reef 的有资助 SAA($130M)排第三。Vast 的无资助 SAA 意味着 Vast 在 Phase 1 没有收到 NASA 拨款,必须在公开竞争中赢得 Phase 2 资金;同一资金池里的既有对手已具备 Phase 2 设计成熟度。这个差距不只是象征意义:有资助 SAA 获得者拿到了 NASA 技术专长、设施和里程碑门槛结构,加快设计评审进展;Vast 没有。 **资本充足性:** Sierra Space 以披露估值领先(2026 年 3 月 $8B),但现在是双任务方向(防务 + CLD)。Axiom 私有估值未公开披露;此前报道显示近期融资前在 $2–3B 区间。Vast 于 2026 年 3 月完成 $500M(Series A),总融资达到 $1B+;该轮隐含估值约 $2B。Voyager Technologies(VOYG)市值约 $2.37B(2026 年 5 月),是 Starlab 母公司的公开可观察代理,但不是直接空间站估值。四家私营竞争者共同特点是,在运营前阶段,空间站建设烧钱速度快于收入可抵消速度,十年资本计划持续存在融资风险。 [CP026, CP027, CP028, CP029, CP030, CP031]

定价与包装对比:合同结构、乘组容量和发射经济性
维度Vast (Haven-1)Axiom SpaceStarlabOrbital Reef
NASA 合同类型未获资助 SAA(CCSC-2)固定总价 IDIQ(2020)获资助 SAA — 合计 $218M获资助 SAA — 合计 $130M
初始乘组容量4 名乘组(Haven-1)4 名乘组(NASA CLD Phase 2 要求的最低值)4+ 名乘组,按 1 个月增量(NASA 指令最低值)4+ 名乘组(模块化,可扩展)
发射载具SpaceX Falcon 9SpaceX Falcon 9SpaceX Starship(~$90M 合同)Blue Origin New Glenn 与 Sierra Dream Chaser(计划中)
空间站发射目标Q1 2027PPTM 2026(挂靠 ISS);自由飞行 20282029无明确公开日期;估计 2029+
乘组运输载具SpaceX Dragon(通过 NASA 或商业乘组合约)SpaceX Dragon(主要);EVA 航天服:Axiom AxEMUSpaceX Dragon(主要)Sierra Space Dream Chaser(计划中)+ 其他
已披露商业载荷定价未公开(Haven-1 Lab 已宣布;定价未披露)未公开(ISS 任务定价未披露)未公开(已订满,但条款未披露)未公开
公开市值 / 估值代理~$2B(March 2026 Series A 轮隐含)未公开披露Voyager(VOYG)市值 ~$2.37B(May 2026)Sierra Space 估值 $8B(March 2026)

商业空间站服务定价在所有 CLD 竞品中均未公开。估值来自最新据报道融资轮隐含估值或公开市场市值, 竞品之间不可直接比较(私营 vs 上市股权、JV vs 整家公司)。Voyager Technologies 市值不等同于 Starlab 估值。

[CP001, CP009, CP013, CP021, CP033]
FP003: 竞争准备度 KPI:Vast vs. 同业组(截至 2026 年 5 月)

一张压缩的竞争耐久度记分卡,用六个 KPI 对比 Vast 与各维度最优同业。

KPI 值来自截至 2026 年 5 月公开披露的来源。“同业基准”是 Axiom、Starlab 或 Orbital Reef 在每个指标上的最优值。Vast 累计资本为按已披露融资轮次得出的近似值。竞争者内部制造占比是基于其披露供应商关系的估计。

[CP001, CP009, CP011, CP029, CP031, CP033]

3.4 护城河耐久度、反向证据与先发现实检查

Vast 声称的先发优势需要拆开看。公司很可能发射第一座自由飞行商业空间站,但在多年、重资本基础设施竞赛中,“先发”并不会天然带来软件或平台业务中常见的切换成本或网络效应护城河。空间站客户——主要是 NASA 和主权机构——采购周期以年计,不是以月计;它们在 CLD 供应商之间切换的成本相对低。主权客户可以在 2028 年承诺使用 Axiom Station,而不放弃 2027 年 Haven-1,反之亦然。多平台并用在 CLD 供应商之间既可行,也很可能发生。 Vast 竞争位置的反向情景由四根支柱支撑。第一,NASA 关系差距是结构性的。Axiom 的合同和 Starlab 的有资助 SAA 代表了 Vast 尚未取得的政府协同。在 CLD Phase 2 竞争中,Axiom 和 Starlab 带着 NASA 监督下已验证的里程碑执行记录入场;Vast 必须从零证明这种能力。第二,SpaceX 集中度:Vast 依赖 SpaceX Falcon 9 发射 Haven-1,并依赖 SpaceX Dragon 为首个私人宇航员任务运送乘员。这一依赖同时是运营优势(SpaceX 是飞行验证最充分的重型运载选项)和战略风险(定价和访问完全由 SpaceX 这个激励独立的商业主体控制)。第三,Axiom 的 ISS 运营经验——12 名付费乘员、166 个载荷——构成 Vast 没有对应物的客户关系和任务运营知识库。Axiom 客户是复购客户,已经理解赴 ISS 商业任务的定价、物流和监管框架。第四,商业需求问题仍未解决:NASA 自己在 2026 年 3 月称商业案例尚不存在,直接挑战了多个商业空间站能在没有政府锚定合同情况下同时自我维持的前提。 面对这些逆风,Vast 的耐久优势包括:(a)最快到达运营状态的路径,在 Axiom、Starlab 或 Orbital Reef 投入运营前提供唯一收入窗口;(b)更干净的资本结构——没有 JV 治理复杂性,也没有 Boeing 或 Airbus 拖累;(c)来自直接 Dragon 运营经验团队的 SpaceX 技术血统(COO Kris Young 曾在 SpaceX 指挥全部 19 次 Dragon 载人航天任务);以及(d)垂直整合制造,支撑公司所称主结构成本降低 10×。这些优势真实存在,但取决于执行:Haven-1 必须在 2027 年 Q1 目标附近发射,进度领先才有战略意义,而不是停留在愿景里。 5–10 年维度上,商品化风险不可忽视。若 NASA Phase 2 资助三家或更多 CLD 供应商走到 CDR 准备和在轨演示,且 ISS 延寿至 2032 年,市场可能出现供需失衡:多个部分运营空间站争夺一笔与 ISS 时代支出相比实际下降的 NASA 采购预算,而私人需求仍未被验证。在这种情景下,资产负债表最强、NASA 合同关系最深的竞争者——Axiom——保留耐久结构优势;Haven-1 的进度领先会变成沉没成本,无法保证 Haven-2 获得 Phase 2 奖项。 [CP034, CP035, CP036, CP037, CP038, CP039]

护城河持久性与竞争风险登记表
护城河主张威胁 / 风险严重性缓解措施 / 尽调问题
进度领先:Haven-1 Q1 2027 入轨,领先下一家竞品 18-24 个月集成阶段问题若导致进度滑坡,会压缩甚至抹掉先发窗口;Axiom Hab One 将于 2026 发射到 ISS,“首个商业空间站”头衔存在争议跟踪集成阶段里程碑节奏;确认 Haven-1 CDR 完成日期;监测 Axiom Hab One 模块发射状态
唯一已飞行、运营并离轨空间站试验平台(Haven Demo)的公司亚尺度试验平台的运营经验不等同于 ISS 运营经验;客户可能要求 ISS 乘组运营传承,而目前只有 Axiom 证明过核实 NASA CLD Phase 2 评估标准是否重视 ISS 运营传承;评估 Haven Demo 数据能否满足 Phase 2 关键技术里程碑
SpaceX 战略协同(Falcon 9、Dragon、Starlink)SpaceX 控制定价、发射排期优先级和乘组通道;SpaceX 同时是潜在竞品(基于 Starship 的空间站能力),也是 Haven-1 唯一发射提供方要求发射定价和排期承诺的合同保护;评估 SpaceX 商业空间站野心
垂直整合制造(90% 内部完成,声称成本降低 10x)成本优势由公司声称,尚未独立验证;传统航天基准未发布,无法对比要求提供每公斤成本或 $/m³ 可居住体积与 ISS 类比项的对比;核实内部完成 vs. 分包比例
NASA 未获资助 SAA:迈向 CLD Phase 2 的第一步未获资助 SAA 不保证资金,也不保证 Phase 2 优先级;Axiom 和 Starlab 带着 NASA 监督下已证明的里程碑执行记录进入 Phase 2 竞争, 拥有 Vast 缺少的评估信誉跟踪 Phase 2 AFP 发布和资格标准;确认 CCSC-2 SAA 是否提供任何评估偏好
多客户主权需求(ESA MOU、潜在机构任务)与 ESA 的 MoU 无约束力;尚无确认的 ESA 任务采购订单;Starlab 与 Airbus 的合作比 Vast 的 MOU 提供更强欧洲工业入口跟踪 ESA 对 CLD 任务的预算分配;核实 ESA MOU 是否推进到任务协议
单一来源 Jed McCaleb 资本依赖如果 CLD Phase 2 资金到位前 McCaleb 调整资金支持姿态,Vast 这个资本密集项目会出现资金缺口评估 Series A 后董事会治理和投资人团深度;通过 Board Chair 角色和投资人沟通确认 McCaleb 持续承诺

严重性评级是基于已收集证据的定性判断。高 = 可能在 12-24 个月内实质削弱 Vast 竞争地位。中 = 重要但可管理。 护城河主张来自 Vast 公开定位;威胁来自竞品证据和反向来源。

[CP034, CP035, CP036, CP037, CP038]
Chapter 04

04财务情况

4.1 已融资本与轮次结构

Vast 于 2026 年 3 月 5 日宣布完成 $500 million 融资包:$300 million Series A 优先股,以及 $200 million 债务。股权部分由 Balerion Space Ventures 领投,共同投资方包括 IQT(CIA 关联风险投资机构)、Qatar Investment Authority(QIA)、Mitsui & Co.、MUFG、Nikon Corporation(通过其 NFocus Fund)、Stellar Ventures、Space Capital 和 Earthrise Ventures。Vast 创始人、此前唯一资金支持者 Jed McCaleb 也参与本轮。交易的一部分是,Balerion 顾问、前 NASA Chief Technologist A.C. Charania 加入 Vast 董事会。 在本轮之前,公司完全由 McCaleb 资助;他曾公开表示愿意动用最多 $1 billion 个人财富。因此,2026 年 3 月这轮融资标志着 Vast 首次获得重要机构外部资本。按公司自己的新闻表述,累计披露投资现已超过 $1 billion。 Forbes 于 2025 年 12 月报道称,Balerion 将领投一轮 $300 million 融资,投前估值 $2 billion;最终公告确认 $300 million 股权融资,同时新增 $200 million 债务。如果投前数字成立,则隐含投后股权估值约 $2.3 billion。Vast 或任何投资者均未正式确认最终投后估值,因此该数字是基于 2025 年 12 月报道的估计。债务条款——到期日、票息、契约——均未披露。 共同投资方组合了战略资本(Nikon 带来制造技术交叉协同,Mitsui/MUFG 提供日本机构锚点,QIA 提供主权资本延续)、情报界风险资本(IQT),以及专注航天的基金(Balerion、Space Capital、Earthrise Ventures、Stellar Ventures)。QIA 也共同投资了数周前完成的 Axiom Space $350 million 融资,显示其看好整个赛道,而非只押注 Vast。[CI001, CI002, CI003, CI004, CI005, CI006]

资本充足性与融资结构
项目详情来源 / 置信度
累计投资总额超过 $1B(McCaleb 此前自筹资金 + 2026 年 3 月轮次)公司新闻稿;高
2026 年 3 月股权融资部分$300M Series A;由 Balerion Space Ventures 领投BusinessWire、Vast 官方、SpaceNews;高
2026 年 3 月债务融资部分$200M;用途为扩建设施、扩充团队、推进 Haven-2BusinessWire、Vast 官方;规模置信度高 / 条款置信度低
债务条款到期日、票息、契约未公开披露未披露;低
投前估值(估计)约 $2B,基于 Forbes 2025 年 12 月报道;未确认Forbes 2025 年 12 月;最终数字置信度低
领投方Balerion Space Ventures(A.C. Charania 加入董事会)多个来源确认;高
共同投资方IQT、QIA、Mitsui、MUFG、Nikon(NFocus Fund)、Stellar Ventures、Space Capital、Earthrise Ventures、Jed McCaleb 等共同投资方BusinessWire、Nikon IR 公告;高
下一轮触发因素未披露;CLD Phase 2 获奖和 / 或 Haven-1 发射可能是催化剂分析师推断;低
计划资金用途扩建设施、扩充团队、推进 Haven-2公司新闻稿;高
NASA CLD Phase 2 预算(全系统)$272.3M FY2026;所有 CLD 获奖方 5 年合计 $2.1BNASA 2025 年 8 月 CLD 指令;高

债务条款未披露;债务规模($200M)已确认,但到期日、票息、担保等条款未知。估值数字基于交割前报道, 标为低置信度。NASA CLD 预算覆盖所有潜在获奖方,不只 Vast。

[CI001, CI002, CI003, CI004, CI005, CI006]
FI003: 关键财务估算区间(分析师推导,非 Vast 披露)

展示分析师对 Vast 最关键财务参数的估算区间;由于公司未披露财务数据,所有估算的置信度均为低到中等。

所有区间都是分析师基于公开基准、已披露员工数和资本数据得出的估计值。Vast 均未确认。区间反映出高度不确定性;低高值差距刻意拉宽, 是为了体现没有数据室访问权限。

[CI001, CI006, CI018, CI019, CI027, CI028]

4.2 收入模式与近期商业策略

截至运行日,Vast 的核心空间站业务最适合描述为收入前开发阶段公司。其收入模式分为三个相互重叠的时间层。 近期(2027–2028):主要商业事件是 Vast 首次赴 ISS 私人宇航员任务(PAM),NASA 于 2026 年 2 月 12 日授予,目标不早于 2027 年夏季执行。Haven-1 上的乘员运营将通过座位销售和研究载荷托管收取任务型费用。公司与 CASIS(ISS National Lab 管理方)有战略协议,可把研究吞吐导入 PAM 任务。PAM 座位定价未披露;可参考 Axiom Space 早期 ISS PAM 每座 $55M,意味着 4 座任务可能产生 $150–$220 million 区间的总收入。但 Vast 与负责 Dragon 运输的 SpaceX 之间实际商业分成未知,NASA 对 PAM 奖项的合同结构也可能封顶或分享该收入。 中期(2028–2030):Haven-1 实验室运营、微重力研究服务和后续 PAM 轮次,是主要收入驱动。Haven-2 第一舱目标 2028 年发射。公司能否在这一窗口产生有意义收入,取决于能否赢得 NASA CLD Phase 2 有资助 Space Act Agreement(SAA)。NASA 2025 年 8 月 CLD 指令为 FY2026 分配 $272.3 million,并计划五年投入 $2.1 billion 用于 CLD 开发奖项,预计至少两家、最好三家或更多供应商获得有资助 SAA。NASA 角色转为“锚定服务客户”,而非所有者和运营者。 长期可选性:CEO Max Haot 在 ASCENDxTexas 会议(2026 年 2 月)表示,内部预测对未来五年 LEO 经济计入的金额“接近零美元”,说明制造、制药和其他 LEO 商业垂直并未嵌入近期财务计划。2026 年 5 月推出的 Vast Satellite,代表高功率卫星平台这一新公布收入流;首单向一名保密客户出售四台卫星平台,并附有 200 台追加选择权,但单价和交付时间未披露。该卫星线复用 Haven Demo 衍生子系统和垂直整合制造基础设施。[CI010, CI011, CI012, CI013, CI014, CI015]

Vast Space 收入流
收入流机制单位 / 合同类型当前价值 / 状态(截至 2026-05-22)收入质量关键尽调问题
NASA 私人宇航员任务(PAM)ISS 任务座位销售与研究载荷托管按座位收费与载荷舱单费已于 Feb 2026 授予;1 次任务,summer 2027 目标中 — 单一已授予合同,定价未披露确认与 SpaceX 的收入分成和 NASA 合同上限
Haven-1 Station Lab 运营空间站时间授权、研究用机架 / 容积租赁按机架日或按任务收费尚未运营;Haven-1 目标 Q1 2027 发射低 — 发射前仍属推测;定价未披露获取机架定价表和客户 LOI
NASA CLD Phase 2 SAA政府资助的 Haven-2 开发里程碑付款基于里程碑的固定价格 SAA尚未授予;截至本次报告日期 RFP 待定低 — 关键路径;面临 Axiom、Blue Origin、Starlab 竞争跟踪 RFP 发布日期;确认共同投资计划要求
私人宇航员任务(后续轮次)后续 Haven-1 任务带来的额外 PAM 座位和载荷收入按座位收费与研究费用后续任务尚未授予低 — 取决于 Haven-1 运营成功和 NASA 再次授予确认 2027 年夏季后 PAM 征集节奏
Vast Satellite 卫星平台销售高功率 15 kW 级卫星平台制造与交付单台生产合同首笔销售:4 台 + 200 台期权;客户保密中 — 4 台为确定订单;单价未披露获取单台价格、交付计划和每台卫星平台毛利率
经 CASIS 提供的研究服务通过 ISS NL 协议承接第三方研究提案与 CASIS 分成或按服务收费合作已生效(2025 年 4 月协议);尚未产生收入低 — 仅处于基础设施搭建阶段厘清分成条款,以及 CASIS 管线带来的增量
未来主权国家 / 国际伙伴舱段在 Haven-2 上为 ESA、JAXA 或其他机构出租或建设舱段长期舱段使用权或专属舱段合同已与 ESA 签署 MOU;未披露财务条款低 — 阶段极早;仍是 2028 年以后的概念规划跟踪 ESA 资助协议谈判和已承诺资金

收入状态反映截至 2026-05-22 的披露信息。由于 Vast 未披露任何收入或定价数据,「当前价值」是定性状态, 不是美元金额。收入质量评级基于作者对合同确定性的判断,不是 Vast 发布的指引。所有投机性预测均已排除。

[CI010, CI011, CI012, CI013, CI015, CI016]
定价与变现摘要
项目披露价格或基准价格来源 / 依据置信度关键未知项
PAM 座位价格(ISS)约 $55M / 座(Axiom Space 可比基准;Vast 未披露)Axiom Space 历史定价基准低 — Vast 定价未确认Vast-NASA 实际合同价格,以及与 SpaceX 的净收入分成
Dragon 载人运输成本(SpaceX)$250M–$350M / 次任务(行业基准)Commercial Crew 历史定价可比基准低 — Vast 专属合同条款未披露合同价格,以及是否计入 PAM 收入
Falcon 9 专属发射(Haven-1)$67M–$80M / 次 Falcon 9 专属发射(SpaceX 标价)SpaceX 公开价格;实际条款未披露低 — 谈判条款未公开发射按固定价格还是成本加成计价
Vast Satellite 卫星平台单价未披露;高功率卫星平台可比单价为 $50M–$150MBoeing、Airbus、Maxar 卫星平台定价基准低 — Vast 单价保密4 台初始订单的确定合同价,以及期权行权价格
Haven-1 实验机柜租赁费率未披露;ISS NL 商业机柜约 $1.7M–$5M / 年 / 柜ISS National Lab 发布的商业使用基准低 — Vast 专属定价未确认Haven-1 获运营认证后公布的机柜价格表
NASA CLD Phase 2 SAA 金额$272.3M FY2026;NASA CLD 5 年总预算 $2.1B(全系统,不是单个获奖方)NASA 2025 年 8 月 CLD 指令中 — NASA 预算已确认;单个获奖方分配未知获奖方数量,以及 Vast 若中标可获得的 SAA 金额

所有价格要么来自可比项目基准,要么来自 NASA 公开预算数字。Vast 尚未披露自身定价或已签约收入金额。 置信度反映基准与 Vast 已确认数据之间的差距。

[CI011, CI013, CI018, CI023, CI024, CI035]
FI001: 收入模型桥:从客户活动到收入

展示 Vast 的客户互动如何沿三条近端商业路径转化为收入:NASA PAM 合同、CLD 资助的空间站运营和卫星平台销售。

收入金额未披露;节点标签反映收入路径,而不是美元数值。CLD SAA 尚未授标;Vast Satellite 收入来自一笔保密销售。

[CI010, CI011, CI013, CI015, CI016]

4.3 成本结构与资本强度

Vast 成本结构由工程劳动力、设施和空间站硬件资本开支主导,这些都是深科技航天项目的典型特征。到 2026 年 3 月,公司员工超过 1,000 人(高于 2025 年 5 月约 800 人、2025 年 7 月约 950 人),招聘速度约每月 50 人。若按每名员工每年 $150,000–$200,000 的全成本估算(符合南加州航天工程常见水平),仅年度工资负担就约 $150 million–$200 million。 设施包括 189,000 sq ft Long Beach 园区(三座仓库)、Mojave 用于大型结构压力测试的测试台,以及任务运营中心。Vast 还使用 NASA 位于 Ohio 州的 Neil Armstrong Test Facility 进行系统级环境测试,减少部分资本支出,但会产生项目费用。公司自行加工飞行面板、焊接压力壳,并内部开发生命支持系统;公司称该模式已将主结构制造成本较传统航天项目降低 10×。约 90% 的 Haven-1 组件由内部制造。 发射承诺增加离散资本强度:Haven-1 的 Falcon 9 发射和 PAM Dragon 舱运输均与 SpaceX 签有成本承诺。具体金额未披露,但行业标准下,前往 ISS 高度 LEO 的专用 Falcon 9 拼车发射通常成本为 $60 million–$80 million;Dragon 载人任务合同按 SpaceX Commercial Crew 定价结构,历史上每次任务在 $250 million–$350 million 区间,不过 Vast 谈判条款未知。 $200 million 债务部分是唯一公开规模的项目融资元素。其用途表述为扩建设施、扩充团队和推进 Haven-2,并非专门支持 Haven-1 运营。债务契约、利率和到期日均未公开披露,但该义务带来前一阶段自筹资金时不存在的固定现金服务负担。运营烧钱速度、月度现金流出,以及任何已签活动的毛利率均完全未披露。[CI019, CI020, CI021, CI022, CI023, CI024]

单位经济模型与关键财务指标
指标数值 / 估计置信度重要性尽调问题
累计融资总额超过 $1B高 — 公司披露给已投入现金和投资人预期划定基线确认准确累计金额,以及各轮股权 / 债务拆分
2026 年 3 月轮次规模$500M($300M 股权 + $200M 债务)高 — 多个独立来源确认主要融资事件,决定现金跑道延长幅度确认债务条款、契约和到期日
隐含投前估值约 $2B(Forbes 2025 年 12 月报道;官方未确认)低 — 公司未确认为回报分析和稀释测算提供锚点获取最终投后股权结构表;确认优先股堆叠
员工数>1,000 名 FTE(2026 年 3 月)高 — 公司披露主要成本驱动项,是烧钱速度估计的核心依据确认按职能划分(工程、运营、行政)
估计年度薪酬烧钱$150M–$200M(分析师估计;每名 FTE 全包成本 $150–200K)低 — 分析师估计;未披露最大 OpEx 项,决定现金跑道敏感性索取实际薪资和福利费用运行率
收入(空间站业务)$0 / 尚未产生高 — 核心业务尚未产生收入说明经营亏损完全依赖资本补足识别首个已签约收入事件及付款日期
收入(Vast Satellite,首笔销售)4 台合同;单价和收入未披露低 — 订单已确认;金额未披露卫星平台收入可行性的早期信号获取合同收入和预计交付时间表
毛利率未披露N/A长期空间站经济模型的关键索取任何已完成或已签约交付物的数据
月度烧钱速度未披露;估计 $15M–$20M / 月(分析师估计)低 — 基于薪酬 + 资本开支基准的粗略估计决定当前现金余额能支撑多久索取 CFO 提供的烧钱速度和月度现金余额
估计现金跑道(自 2026 年 3 月融资起)24–36 个月(粗略估计;取决于烧钱速度和资本开支节奏)低 — 根据融资规模和烧钱估计推断决定下一轮融资时点和 Haven-1 里程碑执行在完整数据室财务模型中确认

所有标注「分析师估计」的数字,均基于公开基准和披露员工数近似推算;没有一项是 Vast 提供的数据。 置信度反映来源证据的可得性和质量,不代表 Vast 背书。

[CI001, CI002, CI019, CI020, CI021, CI034]
FI002: 单位经济模型桥:从成本驱动到毛贡献

梳理 Vast 从资本投入到单次任务或单个空间站年度未披露毛贡献的主要成本类别,并标出证据缺口。

Vast 未披露收入、毛利率或单任务 P&L 数据,因此缺少美元金额。节点关系是方向性、定性的。发射成本估计是分析师基准,不是 Vast 已签约数字。

[CI019, CI020, CI021, CI023, CI024, CI025]
FI004: 资本强度与现金流依赖地图

梳理资本在 Vast 主要投资路径和现金生成路径中的流向,突出 NASA 作为近期收入催化剂的单一路径依赖。

未显示金额;箭头标签为定性说明。若没有 NASA CLD 奖项,最大的一笔预计收入流会消失,并直接加速下一轮融资。

[CI001, CI002, CI003, CI027, CI028, CI029]

4.4 流动性、现金跑道与融资风险

Vast 尚未披露账上现金、月度 burn rate、runway 或任何近期收入数字。结合融资证据和成本估算,2026 年 3 月融资后,公司很可能还有 $400–$600 million 的现金与授信余量(总投入资本 >$1 billion,扣除估算累计支出后得到的残余估计),但这只是粗略测算,不确定性很大。 核心融资风险是双边且结构性的:Vast 的整个开发项目都押在能否拿下 NASA CLD Phase 2 资助型 SAA 上。若拿不到该奖项,Haven-2 运营缺少清晰的长期收入路径;公司也公开预计未来五年商业 LEO 经济贡献「接近零」,NASA 因而几乎成为唯一的机构收入来源。2025 年 8 月的 NASA 指令确认 FY2026 预算为 $272.3 million,五年承诺为 $2.1 billion——相对竞争格局所暗示的多站开发成本明显偏小——且付款按里程碑拨付,至少 25% 取决于一次成功的在轨载人演示。 次级风险在于 $200 million 债务部分带来约束条款和到期义务,但具体条款未披露。若 CLD 奖项延迟或落空,目前看不到可比规模的过桥融资机制或兜底收入流。Beyond Earth Institute 2026 年 3 月报告提示,赔偿安排不确定、任务授权制度尚未明确,可能「威胁投资者信心」并影响项目连续性——这直接关系到 Vast 的融资风险画像。 第三项风险是 ISS 延寿争议。2026 年 3 月参议院商务委员会的授权法案草案提议将 ISS 寿命延至 2032 年,这会推迟商业空间站服务采购时间线,并相应延后 Vast 来自 Haven-1 和 Haven-2 运营的首笔锚定客户收入。任何进一步延迟都会在 runway 有限的情况下继续放大现金消耗。 上行对冲来自 Vast Satellite 产品线(2026 年 5 月推出)以及未来 DoD / 国家安全任务,代表早期的收入多元化。首个卫星销售订单和 200 颗期权具备商业潜力,但仍处于收入落地前阶段;制造爬坡和交付节奏尚未建立。[CI027, CI028, CI029, CI030, CI031, CI032]

公开财务缺口
缺失指标重要性对分析的影响尽调路径
收入(任何来源)空间站或卫星业务均未报告收入无法评估收入质量、增长轨迹或烧钱覆盖能力索取管理账;确认首个收入事件及日期
月度烧钱速度现金跑道和融资风险分析的核心输入现金跑道是分析师粗略推算,不确定性 ±50%索取 CFO 烧钱速度备忘录或经审计 P&L
毛利率区分空间站运营经济性和研发阶段经济性没有依据推演盈利路径索取任何已签约交付物成本表
债务条款与契约$200M 债务义务,到期日和契约包未知契约违约风险和到期墙无法量化索取贷款协议摘要或信用评级披露
股权结构表 / 优先股堆叠Series A 优先权决定回报瀑布无法建模投资人回报或稀释情景从数据室索取股权结构表
客户预付款 / 保证金PAM 座位定金或卫星预付款可验证需求质量收入确认和营运资本画像未知确认 Vast Satellite 4 台订单和 PAM 座位的付款计划
发射合同金额Falcon 9 和 Dragon 合同是独立资本开支承诺发射成本未知,会显著影响现金跑道测算索取 SpaceX 发射合同本金金额
账上现金(融资后)$500M 融资扣除已投入资金;剩余金额未知现金跑道估计完全取决于该数字索取银行对账单或审计师现金余额确认
Haven-2 总开发成本估计多舱段 ISS 继任者;总资本开支承诺未知决定达到完整运营能力所需资金缺口从投资人数据室索取 Haven-2 项目预算

所有缺口都反映截至 2026-05-22 尚未公开披露的信息。该表完整覆盖预收入深科技航天项目相关的全部重大财务指标。

[CI034, CI035, CI036, CI037, CI038]

4.5 要点摘录

Chapter 05

05产品与技术

5.1 Haven-1 系统架构与子系统

Haven-1 是一座单舱商业空间站,为四人乘组、两周任务设计。加压结构为铝制圆筒,直径 4.4 m、高 10.1 m,在 80 m³ 总加压容积中提供 45 m³ 可居住空间,发射质量 14,600 kg。目标轨道为 425 km 高度、51.6° 倾角,大体兼容 ISS 轨道面,便于规划交会对接。 供电来自西班牙制造商 DHV Technology 提供的十二片可展开太阳翼,每片输出 1.1 kW,峰值合计 13.2 kW,并由内部电池模组补充;电池模组经电芯筛选、pack 组装和测试完成。三结光伏电池针对更宽光谱捕获做了优化。Vast 在总部完成了太阳翼电致发光测试,以验证电池片可用性。 姿态控制依靠六个自研控制力矩陀螺(CMG),每个 CMG 都由铰接万向架上的高速飞轮构成。推进由 Impulse Space 的 Saiph 推进器系统提供——可储存的 N₂O/乙烷推进剂组合驱动 RCS 推进器,用于增强 CMG 控制,并驱动专用离轨推进器完成寿命末期处置。Saiph 推进器在 Haven-1 选型前已完成合格认证,并通过 Haven Demo 2026 年 1 月在轨点火测试积累了额外飞行履历。 对接采用被动式 International Docking Adapter(IDA),并于 2025 年 10 月完成与 SpaceX Dragon 硬件的 fit-check。通信依靠 SpaceX Starlink 激光终端,为乘组设备、载荷机架和外部相机提供 gigabit 级、低延迟互联网;同时配有一条冗余的 GEO / 地面站 RF 通道,已在 Haven Demo 上测试。Common Area 后端布置 1.1 m 穹顶观察窗,同时承担结构功能,并带有微流星体与轨道碎片(MMOD)防护。 Haven-1 Lab 位于前部舱段,提供十个 Middeck Locker Equivalent(MLE)载荷位,可通过 Starlink 远程指令和监控。Redwire、Yuri、JAMSS、Interstellar Lab、Exobiosphere 等载荷伙伴已预留容量;截至 2025 年 4 月,Vast 称容量接近满载。热控使用增材制造冷板,将航电热量导入流体回路;散热器会在 Phase 3 集成时安装。 [CE001, CE002, CE003, CE004, CE005, CE006]

Vast 产品组合概览
产品类型状态(2026 年 5 月)核心能力差异化尽调缺口
Haven Demo演示卫星2026 年 2 月脱轨系统级飞行测试;49 项目标美国首个完成设计 / 飞行 / 脱轨闭环的商业航天器未测试 ECLSS 或载人对接
Haven-1载人空间站一期集成;2027 年 Q1 发射45 m³ 居住舱、4 名乘员、2 周任务;10 个 MLE 实验位首个商业载人空间站;IDA 对接ECLSS 仅开环;依赖 SpaceX
Haven-1 Lab微重力研发平台载荷伙伴已入驻;接近满载10 个 MLE 名额;制药、生物技术、材料全商业化,接入 Starlink 的远程运营单个名额收入未披露
Haven-2 Mod 1多舱段空间站(拟议)若 2026 年中获得 NASA CLD 奖项,计划 2028 年 Q4Haven-1 设计迭代版;比 Haven-1 长约 5 m;体积 2×全面采用 ISS 传承设计;走 NASA 认证路径取决于能否赢得 CLD Phase II 合同
Haven-2 完整配置ISS 继任者(拟议)4 个舱段 2030 年底投入运营持续驻人;机械臂;EVA 气闸;3.8 m 穹顶舱所有已验证 Haven-1 系统放大设计未定稿;时间线高度推测性
Vast Satellite15 kW 级卫星平台2026 年 5 月发布;首笔销售已成交700 kg 平台;350+ kg 载荷;5 年寿命;Krypton EPHaven Demo 航电 / 电源飞行传承收入时间线和客户未披露

状态反映截至 2026 年 5 月的公开公告。Haven-2 条目取决于预计 2026 年中授予的 NASA CLD Phase II 合同。 每个载荷名额收入和卫星定价未公开披露。

[CE001, CE028, CE032, CE034]
Haven-1 子系统架构
子系统组件 / 供应商关键规格风险验证状态
主结构Vast(自研,铝制)4.4 m 直径 × 10.1 m;14,600 kg材料切换历史;焊接质量验证试验已通过(NASA-STD-5001,2025 年 1 月);2025 年 11 月通过飞行验收
电力DHV Technology(西班牙)太阳翼 + Vast 电池12 片太阳翼 × 1.1 kW = 13.2 kW 峰值太阳翼供应商单一;在轨展开通过 EL 测试的太阳翼已于 2026 年 1 月验收;电池由内部组装
生命保障(ECLSS)Vast(自研)+ NASA MSFC 测试微量污染物控制;O₂/CO₂ 管理仅开环;无闭环传承TCCS 已在 NASA MSFC 测试;集成式 ECLSS 尚未确认
推进Impulse Space Saiph 推进器N₂O / 乙烷;RCS + 脱轨供应商单一;推进剂热调节Saiph 在 Haven-1 前已完成资质认证;2026 年 1 月在 Haven Demo 上完成飞行验证
GNC / 航电Vast(自研)6 个 CMG;GPS 导航;飞控计算机GPS 干扰风险(在 Haven Demo 上识别)GNC 已在 Haven Demo 上验证;软件补丁在轨上行
通信SpaceX Starlink 激光 + GEO / 地面 RFGbps 级 Starlink;低时延依赖 SpaceX;无冗余宽带路径GEO / 地面 RF 已在 Haven Demo 上验证;Starlink 协议 2024 年 4 月签署
对接被动 IDA(Vast 自研)兼容 SpaceX Dragon载人飞船仅限 Dragon;没有替代方案已于 2025 年 10 月完成与 Dragon 硬件的适配检查
热控Vast(增材制造冷板 + 流体回路)冷板把航电热量导入流体NTF 热真空测试待完成冷板已制造;全系统 TVAC 测试计划 2026 年在 NTF 进行

验证状态来自截至 2026 年 5 月的公司公开公告。部分子系统测试通过 NASA Space Act Agreements 开展; 测试结果由公司更新披露,并非同行评议文件。

[CE004, CE005, CE006, CE007, CE008, CE009]
FE001: Haven-1 子系统堆栈架构

展示 Haven-1 从主结构到载荷实验室的关键层级,以及每层的组件和主要依赖。

[CE004, CE005, CE006, CE007, CE008, CE009]

5.2 Haven Demo:在轨技术降险

Haven Demo 是一颗验证卫星,于 2025 年 11 月 2 日搭乘 SpaceX Bandwagon-4 拼车任务从 Cape Canaveral 发射。卫星与火箭分离后四分钟内部署太阳能板,T+15 分钟达到电力净正状态,分离 23 分钟后建立双向通信。三个月任务期间,它完成 49 项测试目标,覆盖空间站关键技术域;即便在历史高位太阳活动期间,也全程保持电力净正。 核心航电套件、配电、Impulse Space Saiph 推进、GNC 硬件与算法、RF 通信、相机和飞行软件都按飞前模型进行了测试。在轨辐射效应与地面预测一致。GPS 导航在冲突地区发现意外干扰,随后通过软件更新修补,证明飞行软件可上行更新。Saiph 系统推进剂性能数据被收集,用于校准 Haven-1 的推进剂管理计划。面向 Haven-1 的同一 GEO 与地面资产也通过真实轨道数据验证了 RF 通信。 Vast 全程运行多层地面测试基础设施:Ground Test Simulator(GTsim)用不同参数跑了数千次任务仿真;Software-in-the-Loop(SITL)资产在虚拟航天器上测试飞行软件;Hardware-in-the-Loop(HITL)资产同时测试飞行硬件和软件。Haven Demo 的真实飞行数据被用于细化 HITL 模型,为 Haven-1 产出更高保真的测试资产。 2026 年 1 月,任务运营团队进行了 Saiph 推进器试点火,验证推进剂调理,并把推力表现锚定到地面真空测试数据。2026 年 2 月 4 日,受控离轨序列执行,先将近地点降低 170 km,随后通过末次离轨点火瞄准南太平洋溅落区域。NASA、航空和海事安全机构参与协调。离轨后,Vast 称自己是「第一家完成航天器设计、制造、飞行、运营和离轨的运营型商业空间站公司」,并表示距离持续载人空间站约完成了 40%。该任务直接降低了 Haven-1 航电、电源、GNC 和通信子系统风险,但没有测试生命保障或乘组居住系统。 [CE013, CE014, CE015, CE016, CE017, CE018]

Haven Demo 测试目标:已验证的系统类别
系统类别已执行关键测试结果与 Haven-1 的相关性
GNC姿态控制算法;太阳指向;通过软件更新执行精确姿态机动软件更新已上行并在轨验证;指向精度提升直接传承至 Haven-1 GNC 软件
航电 / 电力 / 通信配电;网络;RF 硬件;多路径双向通信所有系统上线;分离后 23 分钟内完成通信验证同一航电架构延用至 Haven-1
推进Saiph RCS / 脱轨推进器;推进剂调节;2026 年 1 月试点火;2026 年 2 月脱轨点火推进器性能与地面真空数据对齐;近地点降低 170 km;完成受控脱轨Haven-1 已选用 Saiph;飞行数据可直接套用
热控轨道环境中的热控系统热模型已用飞行数据验证Haven-1 热设计已吸收该结果
地面系统 / 软件飞行前使用 HITL、SITL、GTsim,在轨后继续更新基于真实飞行数据构建更高保真 HITL;软件上行能力已确认Haven-1 将使用改进后的 HITL 资产
辐射 / 环境监测辐射影响;分析 GPS 行为辐射水平符合地面预测;GPS 干扰已识别,并通过软件缓解辐射模型已验证;Haven-1 已部署 GPS 过滤器

基于 Vast 公开的离轨任务总结。Haven Demo 没有测试 ECLSS、载人居住或对接子系统;这些仍需在 Haven-1 上验证。

[CE013, CE014, CE015, CE016, CE017, CE018]
FE002: Haven-1 载人任务生命周期流程

Haven-1 两周载人任务的端到端运营流程,从船员训练到返航。

[CE001, CE031, CE033]

5.3 垂直整合、制造与测试

Vast 的制造策略围绕其 California Long Beach 总部的垂直整合展开;大型环境测试放在 California Mojave 场地,系统级环境测试计划在 Ohio Sandusky 的 NASA Neil Armstrong Test Facility(NTF)进行。这一做法消除了许多供应商接口,让 Vast 直接控制进度;管理层称,相比传统空间站项目,主结构制造成本已降低 10×。 Haven-1 主结构采用铝材。团队最初基线是不锈钢,但 2023 年 11 月至 2024 年 3 月的并行制造和权衡研究显示,不锈钢带来制造挑战,于是改用铝材。第一件铝制件是 Pathfinder,制造期从 2023 年 11 月到 2024 年 6 月,建立了工装、团队和关键接口。随后是完整合格件:2024 年 7 月开始铣削,2024 年 12 月完成焊接,2025 年 1 月 31 日在 Vast Mojave 设施接受 NASA-STD-5001 证明压力测试。结构加压到 1.8 barD(26 psig)并保持五小时;所有应变计均在规格内,泄漏率相对 1.2 scc/min 要求不可辨识,测试一次通过。从零铝制工作到完成证明压力测试,耗时 15 个月。 可飞行主结构随后于 2025 年 1 月启动,2025 年 7 月完成,并在 2025 年底于 Mojave 完成飞行验收压力测试。被动对接适配器于 2025 年 10 月安装,并与 Dragon 硬件完成适配检查。Phase 1 集成于 2026 年 1 月在 Long Beach 洁净室启动:安装加压流体系统,包括热控回路、生命保障管路、推进管、组件托盘和储罐,并开展压力、泄漏和功能测试。Phase 2 将安装航电、GNC 系统和空气再生硬件。Phase 3 完成空间站,包括乘组居住、内饰收尾、外部 MMOD 防护、散热器和太阳翼集成。 2025 年 4 月 3 日签署的 Neil Armstrong Test Facility 协议,使 Vast 可使用 Space Environments Complex,对完整的可飞行空间站开展声学、振动、电磁干扰和热真空测试,计划时间为 2026 年。痕量污染物控制系统测试已另行在 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 完成,依据可报销 Space Act Agreement,使用的环境舱正是此前 ISS ECLSS 测试用过的同一设备。Haven-1 当前目标发射就绪时间为 2027 年 Q1,相比早前 2026 年 Q1 的目标有所后移,反映集成工作成熟后的进度重排。 [CE020, CE021, CE022, CE023, CE024, CE025]

Haven-1 开发与发射路线图
日期 / 周期里程碑状态影响来源
Nov 2023–Jun 2024Pathfinder 主结构试验件完成已完成铝制制造工装和流程已建立公司公告
Jan 2025鉴定件验证压力测试(NASA-STD-5001)首次尝试即通过压力舱完成完整验证鉴定;用时 15 个月创纪录公司公告
Jul 2025可飞行主结构完成已完成结构制造里程碑已通过公司公告
Oct 2025被动对接适配器与 Dragon 硬件完成适配检查已完成IDA 与 Dragon 接口兼容性已确认公司公告
Nov 2025Haven Demo 任务成功;Haven-1 飞行结构在 Mojave 完成验收测试均已完成飞行履历和结构裕度均已验证公司公告
Jan 2026第 1 阶段集成启动(流体系统、生命保障管路、推进)进行中首个集成阶段已启动;共 3 个阶段公司公告
2026(计划)NASA Neil Armstrong Test Facility 环境测试活动(声学、振动、EMI、TVAC)即将开展在空间模拟中完成系统级鉴定;发射前门槛项公司公告 / NASA SAA
Q1 2027Haven-1 发射就绪目标(SpaceX Falcon 9)已规划已从 2026 年中目标延后;若 NTF 出现问题,可能进一步延后公司公告

里程碑来自公开公司公告。2026 年之前日期已确认;2026 和 2027 年项目为计划 / 预期。

[CE020, CE021, CE022, CE023, CE024, CE025]

5.4 产品路线图与技术邻接

Vast 路线图采用硬件密集的阶梯模型:Haven Demo → Haven-1(载人商业 LEO 空间站)→ Haven-2(多舱 ISS 后继者)→ 人工重力栖息地。每一步都直接复用前一步的设计、团队、供应链和飞行履历,为后续舱段压缩进度和成本。 Haven-2 被设计为 Haven-1 的演进版、NASA 认证版。如果 NASA 在 Commercial LEO Destination Phase II(预计 2026 年中决策)选择 Vast,首个 Haven-2 舱段将比 Haven-1 长约 5 m,在使用同一套已验证系统的同时,提供近乎两倍的可居住空间。从 2028 年起,另外三个舱段将按每六个月一个的节奏跟进;到 2030 年底,四舱空间站可支持持续乘组运营。2030 至 2032 年间,还会加入一个直径 7 m 的更大核心舱和四个 Haven-2 舱段,包括 3.8 m 穹顶舱、机械臂、外部载荷气闸和 EVA 气闸。 Haven-1 Lab 已签约五家载荷伙伴(Redwire、Yuri、JAMSS、Interstellar Lab、Exobiosphere),并与 Cedars-Sinai 建立战略研究合作,聚焦类器官研究和生物制造。Vast 与 SpaceX 联合向全球科学界发布研究提案征集,为入选项目免费提供 Haven-1 Lab、Dragon 和 ISS PAM 任务资源。Vast 还与 CASIS 签署战略协议,支持 ISS National Lab 研究准入,为其 NASA 私人宇航员任务做准备。2026 年 2 月,Vast 入选 NASA 第六次 ISS 私人宇航员任务,目标时间为 2027 年夏季。 Vast Satellite 产品线于 2026 年 5 月 19 日发布,复用 Haven-1 开发并经 Haven Demo 验证的航电、电源、推进、通信和飞行软件子系统。首款 15 kW 级卫星平台(700 kg 干重、350+ kg 载荷能力、5 年设计寿命)瞄准通信、对地观测、国家安全和轨道数据中心客户。公司已宣布向一名保密客户完成首单销售(四颗卫星,另有 200 颗期权),可在 Haven-1 运营启动前提供近期收入潜力。 人工重力栖息地仍是 Vast 长期宣称的愿景——大型旋转结构通过离心加速度,对抗长期微重力带来的肌肉萎缩、骨质流失和颅内压升高等生理影响。当前任何一代产品(Haven Demo、Haven-1、Haven-2)都不包含旋转结构;人工重力是十年外的愿景,且明确不在 Haven-2 日程内。 [CE028, CE029, CE030, CE031, CE032, CE033]

FE003: Haven-1 关键依赖地图

梳理 Haven-1 运营的关键外部依赖,展示供应商和合作伙伴关系及其伴随的集中风险。

[CE006, CE008, CE009, CE030, CE036, CE041]

5.5 技术风险与未解决缺口

Vast 技术栈仍有一组集中且尚未解决、或只解决了一部分的风险。Haven-1 发射前、以及 2026 年中 NASA CLD Phase II 授标前,重要投资者需要重点评估这些风险。 最显著的架构风险是对 SpaceX 的深度依赖。Haven-1 需要 SpaceX Falcon 9 发射、每次载人任务都需要 SpaceX Dragon,并依赖 SpaceX Starlink 作为主连接。如果任何 SpaceX 系统出现长期延误、重设计要求或价格变化,Haven-1 的运营进度和成本结构都会被直接影响。Vast 没有签下替代发射或乘组飞行器;其未来 Haven 平台的 Starlink 协议也把 Haven-2 绑在同一供应商上。 Haven-1 的 ECLSS 方案是依靠补给的开环系统,不是闭环再生系统。痕量污染物控制和 CO₂ / O₂ 管理已在 NASA MSFC 完成子系统级测试,但全系统集成 ECLSS 在等效高度环境下完成测试,尚未得到公开确认。Vast 称 Haven-2 会逐舱引入「更先进、更高效的生命保障技术」,这承认了升级路径,却没有说明闭环目标日期。长期任务(超过每次两周乘组轮换)需要再生式 ECLSS,而当前 Haven-1 设计尚未证明具备这种能力。 进度风险不是理论,而是已经发生。最初 2025 年 8 月发射目标因主结构合格认证中的制造学习而移至 2026 年 5 月,此后又随着集成推进更新为 2027 年 Q1。每个集成阶段(加压系统、航电、居住)都需要功能和环境验收测试;任一阶段的计划外返工都可能传导。计划于 2026 年进行的 Neil Armstrong Test Facility 测试活动,也是发射就绪前的另一道闸门。 Haven Demo 虽然是有意义的系统级测试,但它是一颗小型无人卫星,不是加压载人舱。它验证了航电、电源、GNC 和通信,却没有在轨测试 ECLSS、乘组界面、对接和完整热负荷运行。空间站的人本设计新功能(专利申请中的睡眠系统、内饰收尾、载荷机架)完全没有飞行履历。Haven Demo 还搭乘拼车发射,没有进入专门针对 ISS 兼容性优化的轨道,而 Haven-1 必须完成交会和对接。 睡眠系统和内饰设计元素的 IP 保护被标为专利申请中,但硬件设计的竞争护城河有限:一旦公开,竞争对手可以相对快速复制人体工学特征。Vast 真正的差异化在于制造流程、团队和进度执行——这些都不受 IP 保护。 [CE035, CE036, CE037, CE038, CE039, CE040]

技术风险与未解决缺口
风险领域描述严重性缓解 / 状态尽调路径
对 SpaceX 的依赖(发射 + 载人 + 通信)Falcon 9(发射)、Dragon(载人运输)、Starlink(主通信)均来自单一供应商有合同安排;未签约替代飞行器谈判备份或成本下限条款;评估 Dragon 定价透明度
开环 ECLSSHaven-1 仅为 ≤2 周任务使用开环生命保障;闭环再生 ECLSS 尚未展示已规划补给节奏;Haven-2 路线图承诺闭环升级确认集成 ECLSS 测试结果;在 CLD 授标前设定闭环里程碑
进度延误风险发射已从 2025 年 8 月 → 2026 年中 → 2027 年 Q1;2026 年 NTF 测试活动和第 2–3 阶段集成是门槛分阶段集成并配套验收测试;管理层强调谨慎推进跟踪第 2 阶段集成启动日期和 NTF 测试活动排期
在轨载人对接尚未验证Haven Demo 未对接;Dragon 与 Haven-1 对接将是商业载人飞行器首次对接商业空间站IDA 适配检查已完成;Dragon 有 ISS 对接履历复核 Dragon 对 ISS 对接与 Haven-1 IDA 接口差异;开展独立安全审查
MMOD 与长期碎片风险MMOD 防护覆盖全部外表面;425 km 轨道碎片环境对 >2 周载人任务并不轻松全站 MMOD 防护已安装;ISS 履历认可该做法复核 MMOD 防护测试鉴定;获取目标轨道高度模型
人工重力——长期可信度缺口核心长期愿景(旋转人工重力空间站)不在 Haven-1 或 Haven-2 设计中;当前架构尚未展示通向该愿景的路径已披露为长期愿景;短期管线不依赖它将人工重力财务模型与商业 LEO 近期计划分开

严重性评级反映本章作者基于公开证据形成的尽调判断。监管、靶场安全和载人安全认证(FAA/NASA)不在此处覆盖。

[CE035, CE036, CE037, CE038, CE039, CE040]
FE004: Haven-1 能力与成熟度矩阵

评估截至 2026 年 5 月 Haven-1 在关键能力维度上的成熟度和就绪度,按高 / 中 / 低评级。

[CE020, CE021, CE004, CE005, CE017, CE036]

5.6 要点摘录

Chapter 06

06客户

6.1 客户分层与需求通道

Vast 的客户基础横跨三条结构性需求通道,它们都指向微重力准入。第一条是商业载荷研究,生命科学公司、制药企业和先进材料研究者租用 Haven-1 Lab 的 MLE 载荷位,开展地面无法完成或成本过高的失重实验。第二条是机构与政府需求,包括 NASA 私人宇航员任务、国家航天机构 MOU,以及把公共资助研究者送入轨道的 ISS National Lab 路径。第三条是在轨工业服务,技术验证方和制造企业在空间环境中测试产品或工艺。 在商业载荷研究里,五家公开确认的 Haven-1 Lab 伙伴都在生命科学领域——细胞生物学(Yuri、Exobiosphere)、制药与生物工艺(Redwire ADSEP4)和天体生物学(Interstellar Lab)——这使发射前组合呈现行业集中。政府和机构需求则通过 NASA PAM-6、CASIS 战略协议和 ESA MOU 固化。SpaceX / Vast 联合 RFP 为入选研究者免费提供研究准入,把客户漏斗上沿扩展到学术团队和预算较小的商业研究团队。Vast 向日本(Vast Japan GK,2025 年 12 月)和欧洲(Giorgio Saccoccia,President Europe)扩张,显示其意图在三条需求通道上做地域多元化。Haven-1 Lab 载荷伙伴来自四个国家——美国、德国、日本和法国——说明早期需求已跨区域,尽管都集中在相邻垂直领域。 [CU001, CU002, CU003, CU004, CU005, CU006]

客户分群表
分群已确认证明点主要价值驱动因素获客渠道
生命科学与生物技术Yuri ScienceTaxi、Exobiosphere OHTS、Cedars-Sinai 合作微重力细胞生物学、药物结晶、高通量筛选直接触达、SpaceX/Vast 联合 RFP、CASIS 管线
材料与先进制造Redwire ADSEP4(药物悬浮液)、Interstellar Lab Eden 1.0(农业航天)失重环境下的药物生物加工和植物生物学直接载荷伙伴计划、SpaceX/Vast 联合 RFP
在轨服务与技术演示JAMSS 多用途载荷验证日本工业和科学载荷在 LEO 的表现JAXA/JAMSS 机构关系、Vast Japan GK
政府与机构NASA PAM-6(2026 年 2 月)、ESA MOU(2024 年 6 月)、捷克共和国 MOU(2024 年 11 月)LEO 载人研究准入、宇航员探索、LEO 经济政策NASA PAM 计划、ESA 双边渠道、政府 MOU 管线
学术与非营利研究免费 SpaceX/Vast 联合 RFP 申请方面向同行评审研究项目的可负担微重力准入公开 RFP、CASIS ISS National Lab 管线转接

分群和证明点基于截至 runDate 公开宣布的载荷合作伙伴类别和政府协议;任何分群均无收入或财务数据。

[CU001, CU003, CU006, CU021, CU025]

6.2 Haven-1 Lab 载荷伙伴与商业管线

Haven-1 Lab 是 Haven-1 前部舱段中的商业微重力研究、制造和开发平台。截至 runDate,Vast 已公开点名五家载荷伙伴,它们已预留实验室 MLE 载荷位容量。每个载荷位最多提供 100 W 电力,并可通过机载 SpaceX Starlink 激光终端远程指令控制,研究人员因此可在日常科学运行中监控和操作实验,无需乘组成员介入。 Redwire Space 带来 ADSEP4,这是一套自动化药物悬浮系统,延续了 Redwire 此前在 ISS 上的生物反应器和药物结晶载荷工作。德国微重力服务公司 Yuri 已为 4 大洲 61 名客户飞行过 151 个太空实验室,这次提供 ScienceTaxi——一种模块化卡匣系统,可在单个 MLE 占位内承载多名研究者。JAMSS(Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation)是 Haven-1「亚洲首家载荷伙伴」,提供一套面向日本制药和材料公司的多用途载荷。Interstellar Lab 提供 Eden 1.0,这是一套受控环境植物生长舱,瞄准天体生物学和食品科技应用。Exobiosphere 提供 Orbital High-Throughput Screening(OHTS)平台,并于 2026 年 4 月获得 Cedars-Sinai 研究合作。 Vast 在 2025 年 4 月表示 Haven-1 Lab「接近满载」,意味着 8 个 MLE 载荷位中的大部分已被承诺。SpaceX / Vast 联合 RFP 通过竞争筛选,为入选研究者免费提供研究准入,把可触达漏斗扩展到商业研究预算之外的伙伴。 [CU007, CU008, CU009, CU010, CU011, CU012]

客户增长 / 采用轨迹表
合作伙伴国家载荷系统MLE 槽位公开确认状态
Redwire Space美国ADSEP4——自动化药物悬浮生物反应器~1–2已确认合作伙伴;2025 年 4 月宣布
Yuri GmbH德国ScienceTaxi——模块化多用户卡匣设施~1–2已确认合作伙伴;2025 年 4 月宣布
JAMSS日本多用途微重力载荷~1已确认合作伙伴;亚洲首个载荷合作伙伴;2025 年 4 月宣布
Interstellar Lab法国Eden 1.0——受控环境植物生长舱~1已确认合作伙伴;2025 年 4 月宣布
Exobiosphere法国OHTS——轨道高通量筛选平台~1已确认合作伙伴;Cedars-Sinai 合作于 2026 年 4 月宣布
未分配 / 预留未公开披露~2–3由 8 个总槽位和接近满载的说法推导;无公开库存

槽位数量为估计值,来自 8 个 MLE 总槽位和 5 家已确认合作伙伴;财务条款、约束性承诺和未分配槽位状态均未公开披露。

[CU007, CU009, CU010, CU011, CU012, CU013]
具名客户证明表
合作伙伴来源地载荷 / 实验客户分群任务阶段
Redwire Space美国ADSEP4——用于药物结晶的自动化药物悬浮生物反应器生命科学 / 制药发射前;集成规划进行中
Yuri GmbH德国ScienceTaxi——用于细胞生物学和药物实验的多用户卡匣;此前已飞行 151 个空间实验室生命科学 / 多用户平台发射前;设计成熟且有 ISS 飞行履历
JAMSS日本用于科学实验的多用途微重力载荷(细节未公开说明)生命科学 / 政府相邻发射前;Haven-1 Lab 首个亚洲来源合作伙伴
Interstellar Lab法国Eden 1.0——用于天体生物学和食品科技的受控环境植物生长舱天体生物学 / 农业科技发射前;2025 年 4 月宣布
Exobiosphere法国OHTS——轨道高通量筛选平台;Cedars-Sinai 微重力研究合作于 2026 年 4 月宣布生物医学研究发射前;机构合作提升研究可信度

列举截至 runDate 公开具名的全部五家 Haven-1 Lab 载荷合作伙伴;没有公开财务条款、签约合同金额或约束性承诺水平。

[CU009, CU010, CU011, CU012, CU013, CU014]
FU001: 客户旅程图

Haven-1 Lab 载荷客户从研究发现到在轨科学运营,要走完五个阶段。SpaceX/Vast 联合免费 RFP 降低了学术研究人员在申请阶段的门槛; 商业合作伙伴通常通过直接触达进入。5 家已确认合作伙伴目前都处于集成与测试阶段,等待 Haven-1 在 2027 年 Q1 发射。

FU002: 采用 / 部署漏斗

Haven-1 Lab 商业漏斗从全球微重力研究社群一路收窄到 5 家已确认、硬件承诺登上 Haven-1 的载荷合作伙伴。 联合免费 RFP 扩大了申请阶段,但 8 个槽位的硬上限限制了转化量。商业定价仍未披露,8 槽位上限以下的漏斗经济性也未验证。

FU003: 客户证据矩阵

Yuri 的证据画像最强:此前有 151 次空间实验室飞行,61 个客户覆盖 4 大洲;Redwire 受益于深厚的 ISS 生物反应器经验。 JAMSS 机构关系强,但商业履历较薄;Interstellar Lab 和 Exobiosphere 最早期,不过 Exobiosphere 通过 Cedars-Sinai 合作增加可信度。

6.3 机构与政府需求通道

2026 年 2 月 12 日签署的 NASA PAM-6 奖项,是 Vast 组合中最具体的政府客户承诺。根据协议,Vast 将用 SpaceX Dragon 将最多四名宇航员送往 ISS,执行最长 14 天任务,时间不早于 2027 年夏季。该奖项确认 NASA 愿意与 Vast 签约开展载人运营——这是对任务安全和组织就绪度的重要验证——但 PAM-6 目的地是 ISS,不是 Haven-1;在空间站投入运营前,对直接收入的传导意义有限。 2025 年 4 月 10 日签署的 CASIS 战略协议,让 Vast 接入 ISS National Lab 的客户管线和运营经验,使 Vast 能在空间站就绪后,把 CASIS 关联研究者迁移到 Haven-1 Lab。2024 年 6 月 6 日签署的 ESA MOU 明确为非约束性、探索性文件,但释放出 European Space Agency 对未来商业空间站合作的兴趣;Vast 新任 President Europe Giorgio Saccoccia 曾任 ESA Director General,直接把 ESA 机构关系连接到 Vast 的业务开发管线。Czech Republic MOU 于 2024 年 11 月宣布;Vast Japan GK 于 2025 年 12 月 11 日成立,由前 JAXA 宇航员 Naoko Yamazaki 担任 General Manager。这些区域动作在欧洲和亚太建立了政府触达通道,但截至 runDate,除 PAM-6 外都尚未形成有约束力的商业承诺。 [CU021, CU022, CU023, CU024, CU025, CU026]

6.4 集中风险、收入前状态与留存韧性

Vast 客户组合有几项结构性风险,尽调需要把它们与表面动能一起衡量。第一,五家已确认的 Haven-1 Lab 伙伴都在生命科学和生物技术领域,形成行业集中风险:如果监管、资金或科学进展削弱微重力药物或生物医学研究,整个商业载荷管线会同时暴露。第二,Vast 仍处于收入前阶段;这里描述的每一项合作都是前瞻承诺,载荷位费用、PAM 乘组价格或政府合同金额均未公开。「接近满载」说法无法独立验证,因为载荷位库存和伙伴财务承诺水平都不公开。第三,ESA MOU 不具约束力;Czech Republic 和 Japan MOU 尚未带来有约束力的收入承诺;ISS National Lab 路径还取决于 ISS 能否持续运行到 Haven-1 完全投入运营。第四,SpaceX / Vast 联合 RFP 为入选研究者免费提供研究准入,能积累善意、拓宽漏斗,但如果市场形成补贴准入预期,未来定价权可能被削弱。第五,竞争格局包括 Axiom Space(已签约 ISS 商业舱段,进度更靠前)、Starlab 和 Orbital Reef,它们都瞄准重叠的生命科学和政府客户群;NASA 也对商业 LEO 需求基础是否充足提出过担忧。 [CU029, CU030, CU031, CU032, CU033, CU034]

留存 / 重复使用 / 满意度表
信号组织观察风险等级
CASIS 战略协议ISS National Lab / CASIS2025 年 4 月正式达成管线共享协议;Haven-1 Lab 投运后,将 ISS 研究人员转接过去低——约束性协议;取决于 ISS 持续运行至 2030 年
NASA PAM-6 入选NASANASA 2026 年 2 月将第六次 ISS 私人宇航员任务授予 Vast;这加深 NASA 关系,但不是 Haven-1 收入事件中——验证运营可信度;空间站投运前没有 Haven-1 收入
ESA MOU 接触ESA2024 年 6 月非约束性 MOU;聘请 Giorgio Saccoccia(前 ESA DG)担任欧洲总裁,以深化关系高——MOU 不具约束力;截至 runDate 未确认商业承诺
载荷伙伴复购潜力Yuri / Redwire / ExobiosphereYuri 在 ISS 业务中有 61 家复购客户;Redwire 延伸 ISS 生物反应器工作;Exobiosphere 扩大 Cedars-Sinai 研究中——仍在发射前;所有合作均取决于 Haven-1 在 2027 年 Q1 成功发射

尚未产生收入;所有信号都是前瞻性承诺,不是已测得的留存或满意度分数。风险等级是基于协议是否具约束力的定性评估。

[CU022, CU023, CU025, CU031, CU032, CU038]
扩张与集中风险表
风险因素严重性证据缓解状态
行业集中——五家合作伙伴全在生命科学已确认载荷合作伙伴均从事生命科学或生物技术;尚未公开具名工业或材料合作伙伴部分缓解——SpaceX/Vast 联合 RFP 面向所有科学学科开放
尚未产生收入;没有披露财务承诺任何客户或协议均未公开披露合同金额、槽位费用或最低收入承诺无——财务条款仍为私密;没有公开基准
接近满载说法无法验证Vast 于 2025 年 4 月称接近满载;没有独立槽位库存或合作伙伴确认数量可用无——未找到第三方验证来源
ESA、日本、捷克 MOU 不具约束力ESA MOU 明确不具约束力;截至 runDate,捷克和日本 MOU 尚未产生约束性承诺部分缓解——已设立区域办公室;聘请 Saccoccia 负责欧洲、Yamazaki 负责日本
与 Axiom Space、Starlab、Orbital Reef 存在竞争重叠三家竞争对手都瞄准重叠的生物医学和政府分群;Axiom 借 ISS 舱段进度更快;NASA 提出 LEO 市场规模担忧部分缓解——Haven-1 声称作为首个专用商业空间站具备先发优势;PAM-6 验证 NASA 关系

严重性和缓解状态为定性评估;鉴于尚未产生收入,没有公开的定量客户集中度指标。

[CU029, CU030, CU034, CU035, CU036, CU039]
FU004: 留存 / 重复队列

5 家 Haven-1 Lab 合作伙伴都在 2025 年公告阶段加入,目前正推进发射前集成。科学运营(产生收入的阶段)对所有合作伙伴仍为空, 等待 Haven-1 在 2027 年 Q1 发射。Exobiosphere 发射前就绪度最高,因为 2026 年 4 月 Cedars-Sinai 合作增加了明确研究议程。

Chapter 07

07风险

7.1 进度与执行风险

Haven-1 发射目标从 2026 年中推迟到不早于 2027 年 Q1;Vast CEO Max Haot 于 2026 年 1 月宣布了这一延迟,多家独立来源也予以确认。Haot 将 2027 年 Q1 描述为公司可以「有信心」兑现的日期,把更早的 2026 年目标定位为愿景式目标。这次延迟源于 Haven-1 三阶段集成活动的复杂度:Phase 1 安装热控、生命保障和推进系统;Phase 2 加入航电、制导、导航和控制;Phase 3 完成内部居住装修,并安装外部防护、散热器和太阳能板。三阶段结束后,Haven-1 还必须在 Ohio Sandusky 的 NASA Neil Armstrong Test Facility 完成完整环境测试活动,之后才能进入发射处理。 即便发射成功,载人运营还面临另一套可能较长的放行流程。Haot 公开表示,Haven-1 入轨后会经历无人检验期;在此期间,Vast 必须通过合同里程碑和有记录的验证事件,让 SpaceX 相信空间站足够安全,可以与载人 Dragon 航天器对接。这一窗口最早可能在发射后两周打开,也可能延长至三年,因此首个产生收入的乘组任务(Vast-1)存在与发射日期本身相互独立的宽幅不确定性。该空间站质量约 14,000 kg,是 Falcon 9 迄今尝试过的最重载荷,也给发射准备增加了技术执行维度。 Haven-2 路线图要激进得多:首个舱段目标 2028 年,2030 年形成三舱构型,2032 年建成九舱综合体。每个舱段都需要单独一次 Falcon 9 发射,意味着项目从 2028 年起要维持约每六个月一次的发射节奏。Haven-1 的任何滑期都会压缩在 Haven-2 集成前验证架构经验的时间。尽管 Haven-1 已延期,Vast 仍称自己领先 Axiom Station Module 1(目标 2028 年)和 Starlab(目标 2029 年)一到两年,因此在竞争对手入轨前仍有缓冲。 [CR001, CR002, CR003, CR004, CR005, CR006]

Haven-1 与 Haven-2 风险登记表
风险 ID风险类别描述可能性影响剩余暴露主要缓解措施
R-SCH-01进度 / 执行Haven-1 因集成问题或 Armstrong 测试失败,延后至 2027 年 Q1 之后三阶段集成计划配套里程碑评审;NASA Armstrong 测试档期已预留
R-SCH-02进度 / 执行SpaceX 验证流程使 Vast-1 载人任务延至发射后超过 1 年与 SpaceX 建立合同里程碑框架;设计包含无人验证
R-TEC-01技术Dragon 异常或暂停导致 Haven-1 载人运营在任务中途停飞严重SpaceX 过往记录;Dragon 安全流程受 ASAP 监督
R-TEC-02技术ECLSS 集成失败延误载人运营,或损害舱内大气安全微量污染物控制系统已通过 NASA Marshall 测试
R-TEC-03技术Impulse Space 推进系统交付延误拖后集成和发射合同设有交付里程碑;推进系统可通过测试活动降风险
R-FIN-01财务CLD 合同前,Haven-2 资本需求超出私募市场可提供资金严重当前资本化超过 $1B;2026 年 3 月融资后投资者财团更广
R-REG-01监管 / 战略NASA CLDC 继续暂停,切断 Haven-2 主要机构收入路径Haven-1 由私人资金支持;无资金 SAA 维持 NASA 关系
R-DEM-01需求 / 客户发射时第 3–4 次任务仍未签约;Vast-2 之后出现收入缺口深度谈判持续推进;3 年空间站寿命提供预订窗口

可能性和影响为基于现有证据的定性评估;剩余暴露反映缓解成熟度。风险 ID 为本章内部编号。

[CR001, CR003, CR008, CR010, CR011, CR012]
Haven-1 进度里程碑历史与当前目标
里程碑原始目标更新目标状态(2026 年 5 月)来源
主体结构焊接完成2025 年 7 月2025 年 7 月2025 年 10 月完成Payload Space、SpaceflightNow
集成第 1 阶段(ECLSS、热控、推进)2025 年下半年2025 年下半年 / 2026 年 Q1截至 2026 年 1 月仍在推进Vast 新闻稿
集成第 2 阶段(航电、GN&C)2026 年初2026 年 Q1–Q2进行中TechSpot / Ars Technica
集成第 3 阶段(居住、外部)2026 年中2026 年中尚未启动TechSpot / Ars Technica
Armstrong Test Facility 环境测试2026 年末2026 年末安排在第 3 阶段之后Vast 新闻稿
Falcon 9 发射2026 年 5 月不早于 2027 年 Q1已延期Payload Space、Wikipedia

日期根据公开公告重建;Vast 尚未发布正式里程碑时间表。“原始目标”反映 2025 年中期的公开表述。

[CR001, CR004, CR005, CR006]
FR002: Haven-1 / Haven-2 进度时间线与关键延误

Haven-1 和 Haven-2 的关键里程碑,展示 2026 年进度延误和截至 2026 年 5 月的前瞻计划。

所有前瞻日期均来自 CEO 表述和新闻稿;没有正式发布的时间表。

[CR001, CR002, CR003, CR004, CR043]

7.2 技术与任务能力风险

Haven-1 最具结构性特征的技术风险,是它有意依赖 SpaceX Crew Dragon 在载人期间提供生命保障。Haven-1 加压容积为 45 m³,足以支持短期访问,但无法自主持续居住;因此它依靠停靠在后端端口的 Dragon 提供大气再生、CO₂ 去除、湿度控制和紧急中止能力。没有 Dragon 对接时,空间站无法独立维持人类乘组。这是刻意的工程取舍:借用飞行验证系统来降低 Haven-1 开发成本和进度风险,但也制造了硬依赖。若 Dragon 因 SpaceX 发射清单压力、飞行器异常或监管暂停而不可用,Haven-1 载人运营会直接停摆。 空间站设计的每次乘组远征最长期限为 30 天,名义计划约两周停留。这限制了每个座位预订的收入潜力,也意味着 Haven-1 本身没有持续乘组驻留路径。NASA 最初针对商业空间站竞争者的「Full Operational Capability」规格,要求连续支持四名乘组、每次六个月增量;Haven-1 架构从根本上无法满足这一门槛。 积极的一面是,Haven-1 的 ECLSS 痕量污染物控制子系统已通过 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 测试,确认它能在所有计划任务阶段维持安全大气。Impulse Space 已签约交付推进系统,采用可储存 N₂O / 乙烷推进剂组合,并以 Saiph 推进器作为反作用控制系统。截至报告日期,推进交付尚无公开里程碑更新,完成时间仍是证据缺口。2025 年成功完成的 Haven Demo 卫星任务验证了关键航电、导航和控制履历,并反哺 Haven-1 设计。 [CR007, CR008, CR009, CR010, CR011, CR038]

供应商与平台集中度分析
供应商 / 平台角色依赖类型备选方案风险等级
SpaceX (Falcon 9)Haven-1 及所有 Haven-2 模块的主力运载火箭硬依赖——未签约替代方案未发现关键
SpaceX (Crew Dragon)载人任务中同时提供乘员运输和生命维持硬依赖——没有 Dragon,Haven-1 无法维持乘员驻留无——结构性依赖关键
SpaceX (Starlink)Haven-1 唯一通信基础设施软依赖——AnySignal/TRL11/Addvalue 提供备用 RF 系统伙伴可提供部分备份(RF 中继)
Impulse Space独家 N₂O / 乙烷推进系统(Saiph 推进器)硬依赖——未披露备用供应商未发现
NASA (Armstrong Test Facility)用于发射认证的环境测试硬依赖——没有同等级商业设施替代选择有限

风险等级为定性评估。“备选方案”仅反映公开披露的应急安排;未披露备份不代表合同上不存在应急安排。

[CR026, CR027, CR030, CR031, CR005]
技术能力与任务时长分析
参数Haven-1 规格ISS 可比项风险含义
加压舱容积45 m³~916 m³没有对接的 Dragon,Haven-1 无法支持乘员长期运行
最长乘员停留时长30 天(名义 2 周)6 个月(轮换)单次任务收入受限;Haven-1 没有连续驻留路径
生命维持自主性乘员访问期间依赖 Dragon完全自主单点故障;Dragon 异常 = 任务中止
任务质量(Falcon 9)~14,000 kg不可比(模块化)Falcon 9 迄今最重载荷;发射当天执行风险高

Haven-1 规格来自 Wikipedia / Vast 新闻稿及 TechSpot/Ars 访谈。ISS 数字仅为背景近似值。

[CR007, CR008, CR009, CR006]
FR003: Haven-1 运营依赖图

SpaceX 的三重依赖角色(发射、船员运输 / 生命保障、通信)构成 Haven-1 运营的结构性集中风险。

图展示主要运营依赖;为清晰起见,省略二级 RF 链路(AnySignal、TRL11、Addvalue)。

[CR026, CR030, CR031, CR008]

7.3 财务与资本强度风险

Vast 于 2026 年 3 月完成 $500 million 融资,包括由 Balerion Space Ventures 领投的 $300 million Series A 股权融资,Nikon、Qatar Investment Authority、Mitsui 和 MUFG 参投,另有 $200 million 债务融资。Haven 项目累计投入资本因此超过 $1 billion。Haven-1 完全由私人资金支持,且据报道已付款完成,缓解了该项目的近期流动性风险。但公司没有披露任何商业收入流;所有运营资金都依赖股权和债务,没有 NASA 合同为 Vast 贡献现金。 Haven-2 九舱架构的资本强度,是长期最主要的财务风险。完整 Haven-2 建造成本没有公开数字,但可比项目暗示,在空间站达到运营能力前需要数十亿美元支出。按当前 burn rate 估计,Vast 现有资本可支撑两到三年 runway,但 burn rate 和 Haven-2 资本缺口都未披露。 Ripple 联合创始人 Jed McCaleb 是 Vast 的主要财务支持者。虽然 2026 年 3 月融资引入了更广泛的机构财团,McCaleb 作为基石投资者的角色仍占主导,且没有确认任何规模相当的第二投资者。行业分析师普遍将这种单一出资人集中视为关键风险:如果 McCaleb 在 Haven-2 达到关键设计审查前兴趣或出资能力变化,公司必须在资本密集、收入前开发阶段迅速寻找替代融资。NASA CLD Phase 2 项目可能通过多年期资助型 Space Act Agreement 帮助分担 Haven-2 开发成本,但截至 2026 年初仍处于暂停状态,且没有更新采购日程。 [CR012, CR013, CR014, CR015, CR016, CR017]

财务风险因素
风险因素证据严重性时间窗口
发射前没有商业收入Vast 未披露已实现收入;完全依赖股权 / 债务融资近期(2026–2027)
Haven-2 资本缺口未披露无公开估算;九模块空间站需要数十亿美元资本关键中期(2027–2032)
单一出资方集中Jed McCaleb 是主导出资方;2026 年 3 月新财团带来部分多元化持续
NASA CLD 合同暂停截至 2026 年 1 月 CLDC 暂停;$4B 预算缺口;仅走 SAA 路径削弱 Vast 获取资本的能力中期

资本估算来自公开报道;确切烧钱速度和 Haven-2 资本需求仍属私密。严重性相对于 Vast 所处阶段和披露资本化水平。

[CR014, CR015, CR016, CR017, CR012, CR018]

7.4 监管、需求与战略风险

截至 2026 年 1 月 28 日,NASA Commercial Low Earth Orbit Destinations Contract(CLDC)采购已正式暂停。NASA 表示,将继续通过资助型 Space Act Agreements 支持行业设计和演示,而不是像最初计划那样授予固定总价认证和服务合同。更新后的采购里程碑日程尚未发布。原 Phase 2 CLD 策略在内部被归类为「高风险」,因为相对预计拨款需要 $4 billion 预算超额需求;转向资助型 SAA 解决了近期预算问题,却推迟了竞争空间站开发商——包括 Vast——一直期待的合同锚点。 NASA 2025 年 7 月 CLD 指令进一步降低了强制最低乘组要求,从连续 6 个月居住(原「Full Operational Capability」门槛)降为一月乘组停留,并明确表示 NASA 的「持续心跳」LEO 存在策略不具约束力。2026 年 3 月,NASA 领导层公开称「没有可独立验证的市场研究能证明一座只由 NASA 部分资助的商业空间站具备经济可行性」,并承认「在当前预算下,我们无法资助两座空间站的路径」。这些表述凸显 NASA 自身也认为商业 LEO 过渡具有高风险。 Vast 对这一环境的战略暴露,被 Haven-1 不依赖 NASA 合同这一点部分缓释。不同于 Axiom、Blue Origin 和 Starlab——它们持有资助型 Phase 1 SAA——Vast 只有 Haven-1 的无资金 Space Act Agreement,即获得 NASA 技术协助但没有直接资金。这个结构避免了 NASA 预算削减直接让 Haven-1 停摆,但也意味着 Vast 进入 Phase 2 竞争时缺少已获资助的执行记录,相比拥有 NASA 里程碑证明的公司可能处于劣势。FAA 商业发射许可制度负责监管 Haven-1 的 Falcon 9 发射,已经相当成熟(FAA 于 2025 年 8 月许可第 1,000 项商业空间运营),但商业空间站乘组认证要求仍在演进,为本就困难的时间线增加了监管执行风险。 [CR018, CR019, CR020, CR021, CR022, CR023]

法规 / 法律风险登记表
规则 / 许可 / 案例司法辖区状态(2026 年 5 月)发生概率严重性缓释措施剩余敞口
FAA 发射许可证(14 CFR Part 400–460)——Haven-1 Falcon 9 载荷美国(FAA)进行中;发射前需要载荷客户许可;Falcon 9 已有 1,000+ 次 FAA 许可作业记录SpaceX 持有发射运营商许可证;Vast 必须取得载荷批准;FAA 制度成熟
NASA 乘员安全认证——商业空间站乘员访问美国(NASA)商业空间站乘员任务要求仍在制定;尚未发布最终认证标准Haven-1 按 NASA HEOMD 要求设计;ECLSS 已在 Marshall 测试;通过无资金 SAA 推进
NASA CLD / CLDC 第 2 阶段合同美国(NASA)CLDC 暂停(2026 年 1 月 28 日);尚无更新里程碑时间表;C3DO SAA 竞争待定Haven-1 由私人出资;无资金 SAA 保留 C3DO 资格;Haven-1 发射不依赖该合同
ITAR / EAR 出口管制——空间站硬件和技术转移美国(国务院 / 商务部)持续进行;空间站部件被归类为国防物项;来自主权国家的国际乘员需要出口许可标准航天出口合规计划;SpaceX 作为发射运营商也受同一管制低-中
FAA / NASA / DOD 对载人航天的安全监管美国(FAA、NASA)ASAP 持续监测 Dragon 和 Falcon 9 安全;Haven-1 必须满足载人航天适人认证要求ECLSS 微量污染物控制已通过测试;通过 SpaceX 适人认证流程推进低-中

来源:FAA 商业航天许可页面(SR010)、NASA CLDC 采购页面(SR006、SR015)、NASA CLD 指令(SR009)。行按严重性排序。

[CR018, CR019, CR020, CR021, CR025, CR037]
风险缓释与监测指标
风险主要缓释措施监测指标监测频率关注阈值
Haven-1 进度滑坡三阶段集成配合里程碑评审;已预留 Armstrong 档期每月集成阶段完成公告每月2026 年 9 月前第 3 阶段仍未启动
Dragon 生命维持依赖SpaceX 合同验证里程碑;无人验证流程ASAP 安全面板报告;SpaceX 发射清单更新每季度Dragon 新增安全暂停 > 2 个月,或 Falcon 9 停飞
NASA CLDC 暂停Haven-1 由私人出资;无资金 SAA 维系 NASA 关系;跟踪 CLD 策略NASA 采购网站和 SAM.gov 公告每季度CLDC 正式取消,或 Vast 被排除在 C3DO 竞争之外
出资方集中风险2026 年 3 月后投资人财团扩大;现有资本化 >$1B新投资人公告;Jed McCaleb 公开表态每半年按当前烧钱速度,18 个月内没有新增资本承诺
需求不足深度客户谈判仍在推进;3 年空间站寿命支持滚动预订第 2–4 次载人任务的公开公告每季度2026 年 Q3 前没有新客户公告

阈值仅作示例;投资者监测应按实际烧钱速度(未公开披露)和 Haven-2 资本计划校准。

[CR001, CR003, CR018, CR017, CR032]
FR001: 风险热力图:可能性 vs. 影响

截至 2026 年 5 月,Vast Space 关键风险按可能性(Y 轴)和影响(X 轴)分布的严重程度。单元格内为风险简称。

可能性和影响评级是基于公开证据的定性评估,不是定量概率估计。空单元格表示该象限未识别出风险。

[CR001, CR008, CR018, CR017, CR011, CR032]

7.5 供应商与需求集中风险

Vast 的供应商集中体现在 SpaceX 的三个独立维度:(1)SpaceX Falcon 9 是唯一发射载具;(2)Crew Dragon 是独家乘组运输和生命保障提供方;(3)Starlink 是 Haven-1 唯一通信基础设施。这种三重依赖意味着,SpaceX 的单一运营决策——无论是发射清单重新排序、飞行器异常处置,还是商业条款变化——都可能同时影响发射、乘组准入和连接能力。2026 年初,SpaceX 为优先推进原发射台的 Starship 基础设施工作,将所有 Dragon 任务从 LC-39A 转至 SLC-40,这给 Vast-1 所需 Dragon 发射带来发射清单拥挤风险。2024 年 10 月,NASA Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel 在一系列 Falcon 9 异常和一次降落伞表现观察后警告 SpaceX 必须「继续聚焦」Dragon 安全,也为这种依赖增加了安全监管维度。 Impulse Space 是唯一来源的推进供应商。公司没有公开识别备用推进供应商,Impulse 的交付日程也未披露。AnySignal、TRL11 和 Addvalue 与 Starlink 一起提供射频连接服务。需求侧,Vast 有一个完全签约的乘组任务(Vast-1)和一个已付定金预留的任务,另有两个任务为「设想中」但未签约。CEO Haot 确认,公司正与私人个人和国家就第 2–4 次任务深度谈判,但无法公布姓名。修订后的 2027 年 Q1 发射时间线让这些客户承诺更急迫:乘组训练需要六个月到一年,意味着第 3–4 次任务的客户选择必须在未来数月完成,才可能维持进度。 [CR026, CR027, CR028, CR029, CR030, CR031]

客户集中度与需求风险
客户 / 任务状态收入确定性风险
Vast-1(首次载人任务)已与运营商 SpaceX 完成签约取决于 Haven-1 发射和 Dragon 验证里程碑
Vast-2(第二次载人任务)通过定金预留(一项选择权)选择权可能不会行权;取决于 Vast-1 成功
第 3–4 次任务CEO 称为「设想中」;正在与未具名私人和主权国家谈判没有公开承诺;6–12 个月训练准备期要求近期决策
NASA 机构乘员尚未签约;Vast 仅持有无资金 SAA很低CLDC 暂停;Vast 不是第 1 阶段有资金 SAA 获得方
商业载荷客户(Haven-1 Lab)已公布多个合作伙伴(Redwire、Yuri、JAMSS、Interstellar Lab、Exobiosphere)单个载荷舱位收入有限;依赖载人任务真正飞行

收入确定性为定性判断。任务合同细节未公开;“已完全签约”依据 CEO 表态和 SpaceX 交易公告。

[CR032, CR033, CR034, CR025, CR035]

7.6 要点摘录

Chapter 08

08估值

8.1 融资历史与隐含估值背景

Vast Space 的资本历史分为两个阶段。2021 年创立至 2026 年初,公司完全由创始人 Jed McCaleb 出资;McCaleb 曾公开承诺最多投入 $1 billion 个人资本。McCaleb 的承诺,以及 Haven Demo 2025 年 11 月轨道任务之前连续硬件开发的证据,支持一个估算:在 2026 年 3 月机构轮融资前,创始人资本已投入 $700–800 million。 2026 年 3 月融资——$300 million Series A 股权加 $200 million 债务——是 Vast 第一次机构外部资本事件。股权融资由专注防务和军民两用太空的风险投资机构 Balerion Space Ventures 领投,跟投方包括 IQT(CIA 关联风险投资机构)、Qatar Investment Authority(QIA)、Mitsui and Co.、MUFG、Nikon Corporation 旗下 NFocus Fund、Stellar Ventures、Space Capital 和 Earthrise Ventures。按公司自身披露,累计投入资本超过 $1 billion。 隐含股权估值只锚定一个第三方来源:Forbes 2025 年 12 月文章称 Vast 正在「洽谈」以 $2 billion pre-money 估值融资。如果该 pre-money 数字在最终交易中保持不变,$300 million 股权注资意味着 post-money 股权估值约为 $2.3 billion。Vast、Balerion 或任何共同投资者都没有正式确认 post-money 估值。一些二级市场评论提到约 $2.5 billion,但支撑更高数字的佐证很薄。本章所有估值估算都是估算,不是已确认事实。 $200 million 债务部分带来固定义务——利息支付、潜在约束条款和到期日程——但条款未披露。这给任何股权价值分析增加了一层不确定性:债务条款会影响自由现金流,约束条款可能压缩运营灵活性;一旦出现困境,债权人清偿顺位高于股权。[CV001, CV002, CV003, CV005, CV006, CV007]

投资建议摘要
维度评估关键理由
建议继续研究收入前阶段;CLD 第 2 阶段这一二元催化剂仍未落地;估值未确认
信心融资轮已确认;投后估值未确认;未披露财务数据
风险评级依赖 CLD、尚无收入、$200M 未披露债务、SpaceX 发射集中
估值立场偏高零收入公司隐含约 $2.3B 估值;期权价值主导;缺少基本面锚
入场纪律新建仓位前等待 CLD 第 2 阶段结果2026 年中授标是主导估值催化剂;授标后入场可降低二元风险

评估基于隐含融资数据和可比分析。Vast 未披露财务数据。所有估值数字均为分析师估算。

[CV006, CV007, CV030, CV042]

8.2 估值框架:适用于收入前深科技创业公司的方法

截至运行日期,Vast 核心空间站业务仍处于收入前阶段。传统折现现金流分析不适合这个阶段:收入取决于尚未发生的事件(CLD Phase 2 授标、Haven-1 发射),成本结构有一部分只是估算;对这种风险画像的公司设定任何合理折现率,都会把现值压到接近零。本章采用四种更适用的方法。 第一,最近融资隐含定价:Forbes 2025 年 12 月报道叠加 2026 年 3 月已确认交易结构,暗示 post-money 股权估值约为 $2.3 billion。这是锚定价格,但需要承认 pre-money 估算是否准确反映最终交易仍有不确定性。 第二,重置成本分析:Vast 已投入超过 $1 billion 资本,产出 Haven Demo(2025 年 11 月成功飞行并离轨)、Haven-1(处于集成阶段)、189,000 sq ft Long Beach 园区、Mojave 测试台、1,000-plus 人团队,以及 Vast Satellite 的首个商用卫星平台订单。这些资产作为持续经营体的重置成本——包括飞行履历、IP、认证、制造关系和 NASA 伙伴关系——很可能高于 $1 billion 已投入资本,与 $2.3 billion 隐含估值中包含温和控制权溢价和战略期权价值相一致。 第三,里程碑调整概率分析:近期最重要的价值事件是 NASA CLD Phase 2 资助型 Space Act Agreement 授标,预计 2026 年中发生。赢得 Phase 2 会把 Vast 从单项目开发公司,转变为有政府锚定的商业运营商,拥有多年期合同收入和 Haven-2 运营路径。这个单一奖项可能让股权价值重估 $1–2 billion。 第四,战略可比:可比私募轮(Sierra Space 估值 $8 billion、Axiom Space 数亿美元级融资)和公开市场同业(Rocket Lab 约 13× EV/2025-revenue)提供相对价值框架。综合这些方法,情景估值区间为 $0.5–5 billion;基准情景为 $2.0–3.0 billion,锚定 Phase 2 和 PAM 执行。[CV015, CV016, CV019, CV020, CV024, CV025]

牛市 / 基准 / 熊市情景分析
情景概率信号关键假设2028 年隐含股权价值(USD M)主要风险
牛市20–30%2026 年中赢得 CLD 第 2 阶段;Haven-1 于 2027 年 Q1 运行;PAM 任务在 2027 年夏执行;卫星平台订单放量$3,500–5,000时间线执行;SpaceX Dragon 可用性;空间站服务的市场定价
基准40–50%CLD 第 2 阶段以较低金额获授;Haven-1 小幅延期后运行;PAM 任务贡献部分收入;卫星业务牵引有限$2,000–3,500CLD 授标金额低于预期;Haven-1 延期压缩 PAM 时点
熊市25–35%CLD 第 2 阶段落选;Haven-1 仅商业化运营;面对 $200M 债务需要过桥融资;Series A 被稀释$500–1,500Series A 资本亏损;公司可能转向更小规模商业模式,或寻找战略收购方

概率信号为分析师估算,并非精算概率。隐含股权价值是情景相关区间,不是 DCF 估算。Vast 未披露财务预测。

[CV026, CV027, CV028, CV031, CV032]
FV002: 关键驱动因素的估值敏感性

展示截至 2026 年 5 月,分析师估计下 Vast 隐含股权价值如何随五个关键敏感性维度变化。

所有数值均为分析师估计,单位 USD million,置信度低到中。Vast 未披露财务预测,也未确认投后估值。

[CV007, CV015, CV024, CV033, CV028]
FV003: 估值与回报区间:乐观、基准、悲观

Vast 在三种情景下的股权估值低高区间,展示当前隐含价格的不确定性有多宽。

所有区间均为分析师估算,基于可比交易、里程碑概率分析和重置成本背景推导。尚未跑 DCF 模型。考虑到公司当前收入接近零且未披露预测,这些区间反映的是定性情景判断。

[CV007, CV026, CV027, CV028]

8.3 可比公司与先例交易分析

商业空间站赛道没有直接可比的上市公司,也没有近期 IPO 可用,估值只能拼接私募轮交易和公开市场代理样本。 Sierra Space 2026 年 3 月融资轮是最接近的私募可比样本:公司披露估值 $8 billion,自 2021 年以来累计投入资本 $2 billion,隐含 4× 的价格 / 投入资本倍数。把同样的 4× 倍数套到 Vast 估计已投入的超过 $1 billion,估值会指向超过 $4 billion——但 Sierra Space 与 Blue Origin 的 Orbital Reef 合作、Dream Chaser 货运能力以及国防重心,都是战略差异点,不能直接映射到 Vast 更窄的 Haven 模型。 Axiom Space 是目前唯一正向 ISS 执行私人宇航员任务的公司,累计融资已超过 $350 million。它的模式——先把私有舱段接到 ISS,再过渡到独立运营——与 Vast 的任务更接近;但 Axiom 已验证运营收入(4 次 PAM 任务),Vast 还没有做到,因此 Axiom 的定价更像 Vast 当前标记估值的上限。 公共市场里,Rocket Lab USA 最能提示市场如何给商业太空基础设施公司定价。Rocket Lab 披露 FY2025 收入 $602 million,同比增长 38%,积压订单 $1.85 billion,隐含 EV/收入倍数约 13×。即便给 Vast 任何可想象的近期收入流套折价倍数,也先要有收入——而 Vast 还没有。因此,公开市场可比分析主要只给长期价值画上限。 Redwire、Planet Labs、Spire Global 等规模较小的上市太空基础设施公司,市值都低于 $1 billion,收入牵引有限。这提醒投资人:太空基础设施市场对收入规模路径不清晰的公司非常冷酷。[CV017, CV020, CV021, CV022, CV023]

可比估值表
可比对象阶段 / 类型累计融资或市值(USD)隐含估值或 EV估值依据对 Vast 的参考意义主要局限
Sierra Space私营;商业空间站 + Dream Chaser + 国防2021 年以来累计投入 $2.0B2026 年 3 月估值 $8.0B融资公告自报;Via Satellite 和 SatelliteToday 佐证最接近的私营商业空间站可比公司;持有 Orbital Reef 权益;此前 Series A 为 $1.4B收入基础更多元;Dream Chaser 增加收入流;相对 Vast 竞争定位不同
Axiom Space私营;ISS 附挂模块 + PAM 任务多轮累计 >$350M未公开披露;分析师按轮次规模估计为 $1–2B无公开确认估值;分析师按轮次规模递进估计唯一已验证 PAM 收入的公司;ISS 附挂架构相较 Vast 降低资本风险Axiom 已验证收入,Vast 还没有;附挂架构对比独立空间站
Vast Space(隐含)私营 A 轮阶段;商业空间站尚未产生收入累计投入 >$1B;$300M A 轮;$200M 债务隐含投后估值约 $2.3B(分析师估计)基于 Forbes 2025 年 12 月 $2B 投前估值报道;无官方确认估值本章研究对象;纳入是为与可比公司交叉参照分析入口;隐含估值是本章的核心不确定性
Rocket Lab USA (RKLB)Nasdaq 上市;发射服务 + 航天器$602M FY2025 收入;$1.85B 积压订单市值约 $7.5–9B,隐含约 13x FY2025 收入公开市值来自 CompaniesMarketCap;财务结果来自年度业绩 IR 新闻稿市场如何给已有收入的商业航天基础设施定价,Rocket Lab 是最佳公开参照多年收入历史;产品多元;Vast 尚无收入,因此可比只适用于终局价值
Voyager Technologies (VOYG)近期 Nasdaq 上市;Starlab + 国防电子2025 年通过 SPAC 上市;公开财务数据有限估计市值约 $1–3B;上市后波动大CompaniesMarketCap;上市后公开文件有限已上市的 Starlab CLD 直接竞品;可观察市场如何给尚无收入的空间站开发商定价Starlab 有 Boeing 工程伙伴;Voyager 的国防收入分散风险;价格发现有限
Redwire (RDW) 及小盘上市航天同业上市公司;航天基础设施部件和数据服务Redwire、Planet Labs、Spire Global 市值均低于 $1B低于 $1BCompaniesMarketCap 公开数据显示缺少主导性收入或锚定客户关系的上市航天运营商估值下限商业模式与空间站运营差异很大;纳入是为说明收入未经验证会压低估值

Sierra Space 估值来自 Via Satellite 和 SatelliteToday 2026 年 3 月 5 日融资报道。Rocket Lab 财务数据来自 2026 年 2 月年度业绩新闻稿。Axiom 估值仅为分析师估计,未获确认。市值反映 2026 年 5 月左右的近似值。Vast 隐含估值基于二手报道估计;无官方确认。

[CV017, CV020, CV021, CV022]
FV004: 投资就绪度 KPI

基于截至 2026 年 5 月可得证据,给 Vast Space 八个维度打出可提交 IC 的评分。

评分由分析师按 1–10 分制给出,未获 Vast 背书。分数反映尽调信心,不代表公司绝对质量。

[CV001, CV007, CV018, CV030, CV034, CV041]

8.4 乐观 / 基准 / 悲观情景分析

未来三年任一时点的估值,几乎完全由两个二元事件决定:CLD Phase 2 授奖(预计 2026 年中)以及 Haven-1 成功发射并运营(Q1 2027)。情景分析反映的就是这种事件驱动结构。 乐观情景(概率信号:20–30%):Vast 赢得 CLD Phase 2 资金,Haven-1 在 Q1 2027 成功发射并运营,第六次 PAM 任务在 2027 年夏季执行并产生 $150–220 million 总任务收入,Vast Satellite 还拿到更多卫星平台订单。在这种情景下,到 2028 年,Vast 将拥有可验证的多来源收入、$300–700 million 政府锚定合同,并在商业 LEO 空间站市场建立可防守的领先地位。在 5–7× 远期收入倍数假设下,隐含股权价值达到 $3.5–5.0 billion 是合理的。 基准情景(概率信号:40–50%):Vast 赢得 CLD Phase 2,或获得 Phase 1 延长期资金;Haven-1 略有延迟但进入轨道;PAM 任务产生部分收入。2027–2028 年,隐含股权价值大概率落在 $2.0–3.5 billion 区间,与当前 $2.3 billion 标记估值一致,也代表 Series A 投资人获得中等风险调整回报。 悲观情景(概率信号:25–35%):Vast 在 CLD Phase 2 中输给 Axiom Space 或 Starlab,Haven-1 发射延迟或只取得部分成功,公司还要在已背负 $200 million 债务、可验证收入有限的情况下寻求桥接融资。在这种情景下,股权价值会大幅下滑——可能降至 $0.5–1.5 billion;除非 Vast 能转向更小足迹的商业模式,靠卫星平台收入和 PAM 费用供血,否则 Series A 投资人将面临资本亏损。[CV026, CV027, CV028, CV031, CV032]

FV001: 推荐逻辑链

从证据支柱到风险因素,再到截至 2026 年 5 月对 Vast Space 的继续研究建议的决策链。

[CV001, CV007, CV024, CV042]

8.5 反向分析:估值过高风险、稀释与下行触发因素

$2.3 billion 隐含股权估值相对 Vast 当前基本面偏高:披露收入为零,ARR 为零,除 PAM 前的 NASA 合同和一笔未披露客户的卫星平台订单外没有确认客户,还背负条款未披露的 $200 million 债务。这一估值几乎完全建立在期权价值上——即未来成为以 NASA 为锚定客户的商业空间站运营商——也建立在战略稀缺性上,因为同一赛道里尚未开建的竞争对手也在以相近或更高价格融资。 NASA 自己的立场——可行的独立商业 LEO 商业案例尚不存在——就是结构性反向信号。除政府锚定客户外,今天的商业 LEO 经济实质上为零;CEO Max Haot 公开表示,公司模型中未来五年非 NASA 来源的 LEO 经济收入「接近零美元」,这也确认了该项目对政府的依赖。 估值倍数压缩风险很实质。2023–2024 年,私营太空基础设施估值明显收缩。如果行业整体压缩 30–50%,即便公司自身没有恶化,$2.3 billion 标记估值也会降到 $1.2–1.6 billion。 资本强度进一步放大稀释风险:Haven-2 投入运营前,Vast 至少还需要一次大型股权融资(估计额外资本 $1–2 billion)。如果融资价格低于当前隐含标记估值,Series A 投资人会被显著稀释。 治理集中风险也存在。Jed McCaleb 仍保留创始人控制权;Series A 投资人的保护性条款、反稀释权和董事会席位安排均未公开披露。IQT 与 QIA 的参与降低了纯财务压力,但也带来战略考量,未必与财务投资人的财务回报最大化一致。[CV030, CV033, CV034, CV035, CV036, CV037]

投资逻辑破裂与止损标准
触发因素阈值或事件对投资逻辑的传导投资人行动含义
CLD Phase 2 落选NASA 公布 Phase 2 有资助 SAA,Vast 不在名单内;预计 2026 年中拿掉 Haven-2 的主要收入锚点;抬高过桥融资需求;股权价值跌入悲观情景区间($0.5–1.5B)评估过桥条款;判断 Vast 是否转向 Haven-1 商业模式或战略出售;考虑减值
Haven-1 发射失败或重大异常发射载具异常,或在运营状态前发生在轨失败;Q1 2027摧毁 Haven-1 资产;PAM 任务归零;需要保险赔付并重启项目;股权可能减记确认发射保险条款;评估 Haven-2 项目是否仍可行;近端投资逻辑大概率被阻断
McCaleb 退出或不可抗力创始人撤回进一步出资承诺,或意外退出治理角色拿掉最后资本兜底;加快股权融资压力;共同投资人可能恐慌跟踪治理公告;评估共同投资人能否接替出资;复核投资人协议保护
SpaceX Dragon 安全停飞或可用性中断NASA 或 SpaceX 暂停 Dragon 载人运营,持续时间超过 12 个月PAM 任务推迟或取消;Haven-1 载人运营顺延;收入时间线后推 1–2 年;估值压缩复核 SpaceX Dragon 发射清单和 NASA 安全小组状态;评估 Vast 合同灵活性
债务契约违约或到期违约$200M 债务条款显示限制性强;因 CLD 落选或现金消耗触发契约;到期日加速股权从属于债务回收;A 轮价值受损;可能被迫出售或进行稀释性救助融资尽调要求完整披露债务条款;按悲观情景假设测算契约余量

止损标准是触发后必须立即重估投资逻辑的事件。阈值定义为可观察事件。所有标准都需要持续跟踪,而不是一次性观察。

[CV028, CV031, CV034, CV040]

8.6 投资建议与最终尽调问题

截至 2026 年 5 月,对 Vast Space 的建议投资姿态是「继续研究」。公司确实有显著战略优势——首飞硬件履历、多元化机构投资人联盟、已确认的 NASA PAM 授奖、以及可信的 CLD Phase 2 竞争位置——但在 Phase 2 结果明确(2026 年中)、隐含股权标记估值获确认、债务条款披露之前,投资案例还无法以足够信心评估。 当前不支持「买入」建议,因为 $2.3 billion 的隐含入场价在悲观情景下有明显下行风险,而基准情景的上行空间只是中等。风险调整后的回报结构是二元的,并没有向投资人不对称倾斜:乐观上行(相对当前标记估值约 2×)不足以补偿悲观下行(价值损失 60–80%)。已经持仓的投资人适合采取「观察」姿态,CLD Phase 2 授奖公告是首要重新评估触发点。 最高优先级的五项尽调问题是:通过与直接投资人沟通,确认投后股权估值和股权结构表条款;审阅 $200 million 债务条款清单,尤其是契约限制和到期安排;评估 CLD Phase 2 竞争格局;确认首个 Haven-1 发射日期及是否有发射保险;确认 Vast Satellite 卫星平台商业条款、定价和客户身份。[CV039, CV042]

投资正反论点
论点类型陈述证据基础何种情况会改变该观点
正方:硬件领先在任何竞争对手入轨前,Vast 是唯一一家完成专用商业空间站试验平台设计、制造并送飞的公司Haven Demo 于 2025 年 11 月完成 49/49 项目标;多家媒体报道确认竞争对手率先入轨;Haven Demo 结果被证明不足以支持认证
正方:资本充足2026 年 3 月 $500M 融资按估算烧钱速度可支撑 24–36 个月,覆盖 Haven-1 发射和 PAM 任务估算烧钱速度 $15–25M/月;交割后可用现金 $400–600M烧钱加速、债务契约触发,或 CLD 第 2 阶段落选迫使公司在现金续航期耗尽前启动过桥融资
正方:NASA 关系深度NASA STMD 协议、Armstrong Test Facility 使用权和 PAM 合同,显示 NASA 深度背书 Vast 计划已确认的 NASA 协议和 PAM 合同(2026 年 2 月)NASA 优先支持竞争对手,或 ISS 延寿彻底消除 PAM 需求
正方:战略投资人财团IQT、QIA、Mitsui、MUFG、Nikon 等投资人具备战略耐心,且与国家利益对齐,可降低近期清算压力2026 年 3 月融资轮投资人公告见 BusinessWire战略投资人退出,或以不利条款阻断后续融资
反方:收入前估值偏高零收入公司隐含 EV 约 $2.3B,既要 CLD 第 2 阶段胜出,也要商业化跑通;但 CEO 自己的模型显示未来五年商业收入接近零Forbes 2025 年 12 月投前估值报道;CEO 2026 年 2 月 ASCENDxTexas 发言赢得 CLD 第 2 阶段;PAM 任务证明收入;公布商业预订
反方:CLD 第 2 阶段二元风险单个政府授标决定 Haven-2 计划能否获得规模化资金;没有规模相当的清晰后备收入流NASA CLD 指令(2025 年 8 月);竞争者包括 Axiom 和 StarlabVast 获得第 2 阶段授标,或赢得战略价值相当的第 1 阶段临时延展
反方:债务负担与稀释$200M 未披露债务义务叠加 Haven-2 还需 $1–2B 资本,给现有投资者带来持续稀释和契约风险2026 年 3 月 BusinessWire 公告;资本强度估算披露出的债务条款有利;Haven-2 通过政府 SAA 获资,且不再稀释股权
反方:SpaceX 依赖整个商业计划依赖 SpaceX 提供发射和乘员运输;单点失效且近期没有替代方案Vast-SpaceX 协议;NASA PAM 合同条款出现独立运输替代方案;披露出的 SpaceX 协议条款保护 Vast

正方论点来自已确认依据。反方论点反映分析师对结构性风险的判断。并非完整列举全部风险。

[CV001, CV004, CV013, CV030, CV036, CV037]
最终尽调追问
主题缺失证据重要性负责人 / 尽调路径
投后股权估值经确认的股权结构表,显示每股投后股权估值和投资人条款书$2.3B 隐含数字建立在二手报道上;实际估值决定所有相对价值分析和 LP 报告直接访谈 Balerion、QIA 或 IQT;直接询问 Vast IR;复核投资人 FAQ 材料
债务条款书$200M 债务到期安排、票息或 PIK 结构、契约包、担保权益和触发条件债务条款决定悲观情景下的股权缓冲;未披露契约可能限制运营灵活性或加速到期向 Vast 直接索取,或通过有资质中介索取;若工具已注册,交由债券律师复核
CLD Phase 2 竞争性提交Vast Phase 2 提案摘要或关于竞争定位的公开声明;NASA 评分方法和授标时间线Phase 2 是近端最重要价值催化;拿不到竞争评估框架,概率估计就不精确跟踪 NASA 采购门户;复核任何国会证词;与管理层直接讨论竞争信心
Haven-1 发射日程和保险已确认的 SpaceX Falcon 9 发射窗口;发射保险保额;Dragon 载人合同付款里程碑条款发射时间直接决定 PAM 任务时点和首次收入事件;保险保护核心资产免受损失复核发射清单披露;索取发射保险条款书;向 Vast 确认 PAM 合同付款里程碑
Vast Satellite 卫星平台商业条款客户身份;每台卫星平台定价;交付时间表;200 台选择权是否已行使或定价若定价可观、订单加速,卫星平台收入可部分降低悲观情景风险;目前未披露索取客户推荐或代理财务条款;复核 Morningstar 和 BusinessWire 公告细节中是否有数据
烧钱速度和交割后现金头寸经确认的 Q1 2026 月度运营烧钱速度;3 月交割后资产负债表上的现金及等价物现金跑道估计由分析师推导;实际烧钱速度决定资本充足性逻辑能否支撑到 CLD Phase 2 授标日数据室访问;直接访谈 Vast CFO;从员工数走势和设施扩张公告寻找代理证据

尽调追问反映会显著影响估值信心的信息缺口。条目大致按潜在财务投资人的决策重要性排序。

[CV006, CV010, CV012, CV041]

8.7 附录

免责声明

本报告是基于截至 2026-05-22 公开信息生成的 AI 辅助尽调摘要,不构成投资建议。Vast Space 是非上市公司,财务披露有限;收入、估值、客户数量等关键指标无法获得,或只能根据二级来源估算。投资者在投资前,应独立核验所有主张,尤其是尚未确认的 ~$2.3B 隐含估值。

证据索引

结论
编号陈述可信度来源
CO001 Vast Inc. was founded in 2021 by Jed McCaleb in California. SO001, SO003
CO002 Vast Space is headquartered in Long Beach, California, at a 189,000 square-foot campus near Long Beach Airport, expanded from an initial 115,000 sq ft in 2023. SO010, SO024
CO003 Haven-1 is a single-module commercial space station designed for 4-crew missions with 45 m³ habitable volume, 80 m³ pressurized volume, 13,200 W power, and targeting a Q1 2027 launch on SpaceX Falcon 9 from Cape Canaveral. SO001, SO002
CO004 Haven-2 is Vast's proposed multi-module ISS successor competing for NASA's CLD Phase 2 contract, with the first module targeted for orbit by 2028 and full configuration by 2032. SO014, SO032
CO005 Vast's original 2022 mission was to develop artificial-gravity space stations enabling large-scale long-term human habitation in space. SO003
CO006 By 2025–2026, Vast's stated mission evolved to a hardware-rich stepping-stone model: Haven Demo, then Haven-1, then Haven-2, progressively building toward continuous crewed presence in LEO by 2030. SO032, SO013
CO007 Vast operates a vertically integrated manufacturing model, building approximately 90% of station components in-house, which the company claims delivers a 10× reduction in primary structure manufacturing costs versus traditional space station programs. SO005, SO010
CO008 Haven Demo achieved mission success on November 2, 2025, after launching on the Bandwagon-4 rideshare mission from Cape Canaveral. SO022, SO001
CO009 Haven Demo completed 49 test objectives over its three-month mission before being deorbited on February 4, 2026, making Vast the only commercial entity to have designed, manufactured, flown, operated, and deorbited a purpose-built space station testbed. SO022, SO001
CO010 On May 19, 2026, Vast announced Vast Satellite, a 15 kW-class satellite bus product line leveraging Haven Demo technology heritage, with an initial confirmed sale of four units and an option for 200 more. SO028
CO011 Max Haot has served as CEO of Vast since August 11, 2023; he previously founded Launcher (acquired by Vast), Mevo (acquired by Logitech), and Livestream (acquired by IAC/Vimeo). SO011, SO027
CO012 Jed McCaleb holds the title of Founder, Board Chair & Tech Fellow at Vast since August 2023, having transitioned from the CEO role he previously held. SO011, SO003
CO013 Alex Hudson joined Vast as its first CTO in August 2023, previously serving as Vice President of Avionics at SpaceX where he led Dragon avionics through the Demo-2 crewed mission. SO011, SO027
CO014 Kris Young joined Vast as Chief Operating Officer on September 23, 2025, bringing 14+ years at SpaceX where he served as Director of Space Operations overseeing all 19 Dragon human spaceflight missions. SO019, SO027
CO015 Caryn Schenewerk serves as Vast's Chief Policy Officer, having previously been VP of Regulatory and Government Affairs at Relativity Space and spent a decade at SpaceX; she also chairs the Department of Commerce ACES committee. SO020
CO016 Vast's astronaut advisory corps includes Lead Astronaut Drew Feustel (former NASA astronaut chief), Megan McArthur, Garrett Reisman, and Naoko Yamazaki (former JAXA astronaut, now Vast Japan General Manager). SO021
CO017 A.C. Charania, former NASA Chief Technologist and Balerion Space Ventures advisor, joined Vast's board of directors as part of the March 2026 Series A financing transaction. SO005, SO007
CO018 Vast's operational C-suite is dominated by SpaceX alumni: CEO Haot (Launcher founder who led SpaceX Orbiter), CTO Hudson (former SpaceX VP Avionics), and COO Young (14+ years SpaceX human spaceflight), creating concentrated institutional knowledge but also key-person concentration risk. SO011, SO019, SO027
CO019 Forbes reported in December 2025 that Jed McCaleb stated willingness to spend up to $1 billion of personal wealth on Vast; he has been the dominant source of capital from 2021 through the first external institutional round in 2024. SO009
CO020 On March 5, 2026, Vast closed $500 million in new financing, comprising $300 million in Series A equity and $200 million in debt, the company's first major formally announced external institutional round. SO005, SO007
CO021 The March 2026 Series A round was led by Balerion Space Ventures with participation from IQT, Qatar Investment Authority, Mitsui & Co., MUFG, Nikon Corporation (via NFocus Fund), Stellar Ventures, Space Capital, and Earthrise Ventures, plus founder Jed McCaleb. SO005, SO007
CO022 Jed McCaleb participated in the March 2026 Series A round as Vast's founder and first investor alongside the new institutional investors. SO005
CO023 Total capital invested in Vast's space station technologies and facilities exceeded $1 billion as of March 2026, per the company's own press release corroborated by third-party reporting. SO005, SO007
CO024 Forbes reported in December 2025 that Vast was in talks for a $2 billion valuation as its Series A round was being structured; Vast declined to comment and the final confirmed valuation has not been publicly disclosed. SO009
CO025 IQT (In-Q-Tel, the CIA's venture capital arm) made an undisclosed investment in Vast in October 2024 and became a board observer, marking Vast's first confirmed national-security-aligned institutional investor. SO009, SO005
CO026 Vast does not publicly disclose revenue, ARR, or customer count; the company is in a pre-revenue development stage with no operational space station as of May 2026. SO001, SO005
CO027 Vast's $200 million debt component from the March 2026 round creates a fixed-cost obligation ahead of any station revenue generation, increasing financial risk if Haven-1 launch or commercial customer acquisition is delayed. SO005, SO007
CO028 Vast was publicly announced in September 2022 at the World Satellite Business Week and the International Astronautical Congress in Paris, initially positioning around artificial-gravity habitation. SO003
CO029 In early 2023, Vast acquired Launcher (founded 2017 by Max Haot), gaining spacecraft technology, the Orbiter space tug, and approximately 120 employees; Haot joined Vast as President. SO012, SO024
CO030 In January 2023, Vast relocated its headquarters from El Segundo to a newly built Long Beach campus of approximately 115,000 square feet, in an area the city promotes as 'Space Beach'. SO024
CO031 In May 2023, Vast announced SpaceX as its partner for launching Haven-1 on Falcon 9 and two subsequent Dragon human spaceflight missions to Haven-1. SO017, SO015
CO032 In August 2023, Max Haot was elevated from President to CEO succeeding Jed McCaleb, who moved to the Board Chair & Tech Fellow role. SO011
CO033 In April 2024, Vast announced Starlink laser terminal integration on Haven-1, providing the station's crew with Gigabit/s speed, low-latency internet connectivity. SO017
CO034 In June 2024, ESA and Vast signed a Memorandum of Understanding at ILA Berlin covering ESA astronaut and research access to future Vast stations, European industry subsystem supply, and certified docking compatibility. SO016
CO035 In October 2024, Vast unveiled Haven-2 at the 75th IAC in Milan and simultaneously announced IQT's investment in the company as a board observer. SO014, SO009
CO036 In December 2024, Vast formalized a deal with SpaceX for up to two Dragon missions to the ISS in support of Vast's bid for NASA Private Astronaut Missions (PAM-5 and PAM-6 positions). SO034
CO037 Haven Demo launched on November 2, 2025, on the Bandwagon-4 rideshare mission from Cape Canaveral, deploying its solar arrays four minutes after separation and becoming power positive within 24 minutes. SO022, SO001
CO038 Haven-1 integration began January 20, 2026, at Vast's Long Beach HQ, and simultaneously Vast updated its public launch target to Q1 2027, representing a 3–4 quarter slip from the prior May–Summer 2026 target. SO013, SO031
CO039 On February 12, 2026, NASA awarded Vast the 6th Private Astronaut Mission to the ISS (PAM-6), targeted to launch no earlier than summer 2027 on a SpaceX Falcon 9/Dragon. SO004, SO030
CO040 Vast's $500 million financing closed on March 5, 2026, bringing total investment in Haven stations to over $1 billion and extending the company's runway ahead of Haven-1's Q1 2027 launch target. SO005, SO026
CO041 At the April 2026 Space Symposium, NASA officials stated that the commercial LEO market has not yet emerged and that the agency lacks budget to fund two full commercial station concepts, signaling risk of scope reduction in the CLD Phase 2 program. SO008
CO042 The Beyond Earth Institute's March 2026 report identified regulatory uncertainty (lack of on-orbit indemnification), a potential LEO station gap if the ISS retires before CLDs achieve operational readiness, and the challenge of NASA's shift from mission operator to anchor customer as structural risks to the CLD program. SO025, SO008
CO043 Vast employs more than 1,000 people at its Long Beach, California headquarters, per multiple company press releases issued in late 2025 and early 2026. SO001, SO005
CO044 Vast opened its first office outside Long Beach in Houston, Texas, near NASA's Johnson Space Center, staffed by a team including former ISS Program Deputy Chief Scientist Meghan Everett and focused on NASA CLD engagement and PAM-6 mission requirements. SO029
CM001 The International Space Station is planned to retire and deorbit by 2030, ending continuous U.S. government-operated crewed LEO presence after more than two decades. SM012, SM011
CM002 NASA's FY2026 Presidential Budget Request included $272.3 million for CLD development in FY2026 and $2.1 billion over the next five years for commercial space station development and deployment. SM001, SM012
CM003 NASA's original Phase 2 CLD acquisition strategy faced a $4 billion budget shortfall and was restructured in July 2025 from a FAR-based firm-fixed-price contract to funded Space Act Agreements, followed by a further pivot in March 2026 proposing a docking-module approach rather than funding standalone stations. SM001, SM013
CM004 NASA's revised Phase 2 SAA structure requires awarding a minimum of two—preferably three or more—providers within six months of the AFP release, with at least 25% of total agreement value paid after a successful in-space crewed demonstration. SM001
CM005 NASA's August 2025 CLD Directive established that the minimum required station capability is 4-crew operations for 1-month increments; prior requirements for full operational capability are no longer binding. SM001, SM012
CM006 NASA explicitly redefined its role from direct space station owner-operator to anchor services customer and mission integrator for agency-sponsored payloads, enabling commercial autonomy while maintaining safety and interoperability standards. SM001, SM012
CM007 Phase 3 of the CLD program will use FAR-based contracts for formal NASA certification and service procurement; the specific acquisition strategy and number of providers are still being developed as of early 2026. SM001, SM012
CM008 NASA planned to issue the Phase 2 CLD Announcement for Proposals within 60 days of the July 2025 directive and to make awards in early 2026, but the March 2026 program pivot cast the timeline and structure into uncertainty. SM001, SM013
CM009 NASA officials publicly stated in March 2026 that they do not believe a commercial business case for LEO station services has yet emerged, prompting the agency's revised strategy of proposing a core docking module rather than funding full standalone stations. SM013, SM014
CM010 Starlab Space CEO Marshall Smith stated that station builders submitted 390 pages of independent analysis, research studies, and contracts in response to NASA's RFI, countering NASA's assessment that sufficient commercial demand does not yet exist. SM014
CM011 NASA's alternative strategy was spurred by concern that there is insufficient demand to support multiple commercial stations in development simultaneously, according to agency officials cited by trade press. SM014, SM013
CM012 International space agencies represent the most validated near-term revenue stream for commercial LEO stations, with nations eager to send astronauts and payloads as ISS access constraints grow. SM014, SM019
CM013 Axiom Space has conducted four private astronaut missions to the ISS, flying 12 paying customers and 166 revenue-generating payloads, demonstrating validated willingness-to-pay for commercial crewed LEO access. SM014, SM006
CM014 Vast's Haven-1 Lab features 10 Middeck Locker Equivalent payload slots with 100W continuous power, Gigabit/s Starlink connectivity, and SpaceX Dragon sample return capability, targeting microgravity R&D customers. SM015
CM015 Redwire Corporation (pharmaceutical biomanufacturing, ISS heritage across 9 installed payloads) and Yuri (life science incubators, 151 labs launched) signed as Haven-1 Lab's inaugural payload partners, representing paying commercial R&D customers. SM015
CM017 JAMSS (Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation) signed as a payload partner for Haven-1, and Vast appointed a Japan General Manager, indicating active pursuit of Japanese agency and commercial demand. SM020
CM018 In-space manufacturing target sectors for Haven-1 and Haven-2 include pharmaceutical drug development, semiconductor and advanced material manufacturing, biotechnology, and edge computing—all leveraging microgravity's unique protein crystal growth and contamination-free processing conditions. SM015, SM017
CM019 ESA signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Vast for future commercial space stations, providing a framework for European agency collaboration and sovereign astronaut access. SM019
CM020 Vast CEO Max Haot stated at the 2026 Space Symposium that Vast believes it can be profitable on the current market without waiting for future demand to develop, citing existing sovereign agency and commercial customer interest. SM014
CM021 The Business Research Company classifies the commercial space station market by application (R&D, tourism, manufacturing, earth observation) and end-user (government, commercial, defense), indicating a multi-segment market but provides no bottom-up TAM figure. SM003
CM022 Business Research Insights estimates the global LEO satellite market at $8.86 billion in 2026, projecting growth to $35.21 billion by 2035 at a CAGR of 16.57%; this estimate covers the entire LEO satellite economy, not crewed station services alone. SM004
CM023 Market Reports World estimates the global LEO satellite market at $15.7 billion in 2026, projecting growth to $61.7 billion by 2035 at a CAGR of 14.65%; the near-doubling variance from BRI's estimate reflects differing scope definitions, not genuine market uncertainty at this level. SM005
CM024 The NASA FY2026 $272.3 million CLD budget allocation and $2.1 billion 5-year projection are the only source-backed, government-confirmed spending figures for the commercial crewed LEO station market; all analyst TAM estimates for the broader LEO market include satellite constellation revenue and are not directly comparable. SM001, SM012
CM025 In 2024, Florida's Space Coast hosted a record 93 orbital launches, with 2025 expected to surpass 100; SpaceX projected approximately 170 launches in 2025, providing the logistics backbone for commercial station assembly, resupply, and crew rotation. SM011
CM026 The existing Commercial Space Launch Act indemnification framework covers only launch and reentry, not on-orbit operations; NASA has never exercised its authority to indemnify contractors for 'unusually hazardous' on-orbit activities, creating an uninsured liability exposure for CLD developers. SM011
CM027 CLD providers reported directly to NASA's Space Operations Mission Directorate that they face difficulty obtaining adequate insurance for their proposed commercial destinations, confirming that the indemnification gap is a live financing constraint, not a theoretical risk. SM011
CM028 Mission authorization for commercial space station on-orbit operations falls in a U.S. regulatory gap: no agency is currently designated to oversee space station operations, which is inconsistent with U.S. obligations under the Outer Space Treaty to authorize and supervise nongovernmental space activities. SM011
CM029 The FCC's October 2025 NPRM (SB Docket No. 25-306) introduced a modernized Part 100 licensing framework and 'licensing assembly line' for space and Earth station communications, but does not create comprehensive mission authorization for commercial space station operations. SM011
CM030 The Beyond Earth Institute identifies a material risk of a 'LEO gap'—an interval between ISS deorbit and operational CLD platforms during which no U.S. crewed presence exists in orbit—if commercial station development timelines slip relative to the 2030 ISS retirement plan. SM011, SM013
CM031 China's Tiangong space station has been continuously crewed since 2022, providing international research partners with a competing LEO destination and geopolitically incentivizing U.S. Congressional support for rapid CLD development. SM011
CM032 An estimated 44% of ISS's U.S. segment work hours are consumed by maintenance and cargo operations rather than science, raising questions about how commercial station crew utilization rates and costs will compare once maintenance burdens are redistributed. SM011
CM033 Vast holds only an unfunded Space Act Agreement with NASA (through the CCSC-2 initiative) and is not a recipient of Phase 1 funded SAAs, meaning all future NASA revenue depends on winning Phase 2 competition against well-capitalized incumbents Axiom, Blue Origin/Sierra Space, and Starlab. SM010, SM020
CM034 The Exploration Company signed an agreement with Vast for cargo services to Haven-2, representing an early supply-chain demand signal from a commercial cargo provider betting on commercial station operations becoming viable. SM021, SM018
CM035 SpaceX projected approximately 170 orbital launches in 2025, and the introduction of reusable medium-lift rockets (Rocket Lab Neutron, Stoke Nova) is expected to further reduce launch costs through 2030, providing logistics support for commercial station resupply and crew rotation. SM011
CM036 Payload Space reported in its March 2026 field guide that Vast is targeting Q1 2027 for Haven-1's launch, having shifted from the original May 2026 target; the station aims to host up to 4 commercial astronauts for two-week missions. SM013, SM010
CM037 Axiom Station targets free-flying operations in 2028 and its first module Axiom Hab One was on schedule to attach to the ISS in 2026 following completed critical design review; Starlab (Voyager+Airbus+Mitsubishi+MDA) targets a 2029 single-launch deployment on SpaceX Starship. SM006, SM007, SM002
CM038 Blue Origin's Orbital Reef station, developed in partnership with Sierra Space, is also competing for CLD Phase 2 funding and targets LEO operations before 2030 as a mixed-use space business park. SM008, SM012
CM039 NASA explicitly states it will procure services from one or more commercial station companies following the Phase 2 design-and-development phase, confirming the agency's intent to be an anchor customer rather than indefinitely delaying commercial procurement. SM012, SM020
CM040 A 2025 White House executive order assigned interim commercial space station licensing authority to the Department of Commerce, offering a potential path to resolve mission authorization ambiguity through interagency coordination with NASA, the FCC, and the FAA. SM011
CP001 Vast Space holds only an unfunded NASA Space Act Agreement (through CCSC-2, 2023), receiving no NASA financial disbursements in Phase 1, in contrast to Axiom's firm-fixed-price IDIQ contract and Starlab's $218M funded SAA. SP009, SP010
CP002 NASA's CLD Phase 1 included two funded SAAs—$130M to Blue Origin and approximately $218M to Starlab (Nanoracks-led entity)—in addition to Axiom's contract; Vast was not a Phase 1 funded SAA recipient. SP009, SP018
CP003 NASA's revised Phase 2 strategy (July 2025 directive) calls for awarding funded SAAs to a minimum of two providers in open competition, including an in-space crewed demonstration as a milestone, with awards expected in early 2026. SP009, SP010
CP004 NASA's FY2026 CLD budget is $272.3 million with $2.1 billion projected over five years—a finite pool across two to three or more CLD Phase 2 awardees. SP009, SP017
CP005 A Senate NASA authorization bill extending ISS operations from 2030 to 2032 cleared the Senate Commerce Committee on March 4, 2026, representing a meaningful substitute-market risk for all CLD providers. SP005, SP017
CP006 China's Tiangong station has been continuously crewed since 2022, providing geopolitical urgency context for the U.S. commercial LEO transition but representing no direct commercial substitute for Western CLD users. SP017
CP007 The commercial space station competitive market has four direct free-flyer peer competitors—Vast, Axiom, Starlab, and Orbital Reef—plus the ISS as a status-quo substitute and Tiangong as a geopolitical pressure source. SP009, SP010, SP018
CP008 Multi-homing across CLD providers is both feasible and likely for sovereign and agency customers, meaning Vast's first-mover status does not confer exclusionary lock-in of primary customers. SP017, SP016
CP009 Axiom Space holds a firm-fixed-price, indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) contract with NASA awarded in January 2020, making it the only CLD competitor with a formal procurement contract rather than a Space Act Agreement. SP003, SP011, SP010
CP010 Axiom Space has conducted four private astronaut missions to the International Space Station—AX-1 (2022), AX-2 (2023), AX-3 (2024), AX-4 (2025)—flying 12 paying customers and 166 revenue payloads. SP016, SP008
CP011 Axiom's critical design review for Axiom Station was completed in 2024 under NASA oversight, representing the most advanced design review milestone completion among CLD competitors as of May 2026. SP011, SP012
CP012 Axiom's revised assembly sequence has the Payload, Power, and Thermal Module launching to ISS first, allowing Axiom Station to depart as a free-flying destination as early as 2028, before adding additional habitat modules. SP003, SP011
CP013 Thales Alenia Space is manufacturing Axiom Station's primary module structures, with welding and machining activities underway as of the Axiom website accessed May 2026. SP012
CP014 Starlab Space is a US-led joint venture whose ownership as of end-2025 includes Voyager Technologies (61.9%), Airbus, Mitsubishi Corporation (joined April 2024), MDA Space (joined May 2024), and Palantir as enterprise software partner (joined June 2024). SP005, SP015
CP015 NASA had disbursed $183 million of the $218M Starlab funded SAA as of March 2026, per Voyager Technologies' Q1 2026 earnings call disclosure. SP005, SP015
CP016 Starlab completed a preliminary design review and safety review of its station architecture and systems; detailed design and hardware development is underway, with a critical design review as the next milestone. SP001, SP013
CP017 A full-scale, high-fidelity Starlab station mockup is under construction at NASA's Johnson Space Center Space Vehicle Mockup Facility for human-in-the-loop testing. SP001, SP013
CP018 Starlab's commercial payload capacity is fully reserved as of March 2026, including Yuri securing the entire first year of commercial operations, with $6M in booking backlog reported by Voyager's CFO on a March 2026 earnings call. SP005, SP015
CP019 Starlab's launch contract with SpaceX Starship is priced at approximately $90 million, disclosed in Voyager Technologies' Form 10-K filing with the SEC dated March 2026. SP005, SP013
CP020 Northrop Grumman joined Starlab to provide Cygnus cargo logistics services and engineering consultation; a Cygnus spacecraft docking system design review has been completed. SP001, SP015
CP021 Sierra Space raised $550 million in Series C funding (March 2026), reaching a total of $2 billion in capital since 2021 at a stated company valuation of $8 billion. SP022, SP014
CP022 Orbital Reef (Blue Origin + Sierra Space) completed a human-in-the-loop testing milestone, using full-scale mockups of crew quarters, dining area, lavatory, research laboratory, and berthing/docking hatches. SP002, SP014
CP023 ESA signed a memorandum of understanding with Thales Alenia Space and Blue Origin in June 2025 to study potential European payload hosting, crew missions, and hardware contributions to Orbital Reef. SP004, SP014
CP024 Orbital Reef's Phase 1 funded SAA provided $130 million to Blue Origin; no CDR completion has been publicly announced for Orbital Reef as of May 2026. SP009, SP018
CP025 Sierra Space opened a dedicated defense division (Sierra Space Defense) and secured SDA Tranche 2 satellite structure contracts, representing a strategic pivot toward defense that may dilute Orbital Reef CLD focus. SP022
CP026 Haven-1 entered the integration phase at Vast's Long Beach facility in January 2026, targeting a Q1 2027 Falcon 9 launch—approximately 18 to 24 months before Axiom Station's 2028 free-flying operational target and 24–30 months before Starlab's 2029 target. SP018, SP025, SP019
CP027 Vast is the only commercial entity to have flown, operated, and deorbited a purpose-built space station testbed (Haven Demo, November 2025–February 2026), providing in-orbit validation data unavailable to any peer competitor. SP023, SP019
CP028 NASA's minimum crew capability requirement for CLD Phase 2 is four crew for one-month increments; all four primary CLD competitors target at least this threshold for their initial station configurations. SP009, SP010
CP029 Vast raised $500M in a Series A (March 2026), bringing total funding to over $1 billion, with an implied valuation of approximately $2 billion based on Forbes reporting of a $2B valuation discussion in late 2025. SP021, SP022
CP030 Voyager Technologies (VOYG) had a public market capitalization of approximately $2.37 billion in May 2026, providing a publicly observable reference for the Starlab JV's parent company but not a direct valuation of Starlab itself. SP007, SP005
CP031 Vast claims approximately 90% of Haven-1 components are built in-house and asserts a 10x reduction in primary structure manufacturing costs versus traditional aerospace programs; these claims have not been independently benchmarked. SP019, SP023
CP032 All four CLD competitors depend exclusively or primarily on SpaceX launch vehicles (Falcon 9 or Starship) for their initial station launch, with only Orbital Reef planning an alternative crew delivery vehicle (Dream Chaser). SP014, SP015, SP018, SP020
CP033 Pricing for commercial station services—crew mission fees, payload hosting rates, and partner agreements—is not publicly disclosed by any CLD competitor; all commercial terms are proprietary as of May 2026. SP016, SP018
CP034 Vast's first-mover advantage is schedule-only and does not confer switching-cost moats, network effects, or data lock-in; sovereign and agency customers can—and likely will—multi-home across multiple CLD providers once two or more stations are operational. SP017, SP016
CP035 Axiom's operational ISS track record—twelve paying crew members and 166 revenue payloads flown—constitutes a repeat-customer and mission-operations knowledge base that Vast has no equivalent for, representing a durable customer-relationship advantage. SP016, SP010
CP036 NASA publicly stated in March 2026 that agency officials do not believe a commercial business case yet exists in LEO, directly challenging the market premises underpinning all CLD competitors including Vast. SP016, SP018
CP037 Vast's exclusive dependence on SpaceX for Haven-1 launch (Falcon 9) and crew delivery (Dragon) creates a strategic concentration risk, as SpaceX independently controls launch manifest, pricing, and has its own long-term space habitat ambitions. SP023, SP020
CP038 In the CLD Phase 2 competition, Axiom and Starlab enter with demonstrated milestone execution under NASA oversight and prior disbursements; Vast must establish its milestone credibility from scratch in open competition, creating an evaluation-credibility gap. SP009, SP010, SP001
CP039 Starlab's commercial payload bookings—disclosed as fully reserved with $6M backlog as of March 2026—have not disclosed financial terms, contract structure, or whether these are binding purchase orders, limiting the ability to assess revenue quality. SP005
CP040 If multiple CLD Phase 2 funded SAA recipients are operational by 2030–2032 while ISS is extended and NASA's confirmed budget remains constrained at $2.1B over five years, the market faces a structural supply-demand imbalance with commoditization risk. SP017, SP016, SP009
CI001 Vast raised $500 million in new financing in March 2026, comprising $300 million in Series A equity and $200 million in debt. SI001, SI002, SI015, SI016
CI002 Total capital invested in Vast Space exceeded $1 billion as of March 2026, primarily from founder Jed McCaleb prior to the Series A, plus the March 2026 round. SI001, SI002
CI003 The Series A round was led by Balerion Space Ventures, with co-investors including IQT, Qatar Investment Authority, Mitsui & Co., MUFG, Nikon Corporation (via NFocus Fund), Stellar Ventures, Space Capital, and Earthrise Ventures. SI001, SI002, SI003, SI015
CI004 Jed McCaleb, Vast's founder and sole prior financial backer, also participated in the March 2026 Series A round. SI001, SI016
CI005 As part of the March 2026 financing, Balerion advisor A.C. Charania, former NASA Chief Technologist, joined the Vast board of directors. SI002, SI015
CI006 In December 2025, Forbes reported that Vast was in talks for a $300 million round at a pre-money valuation of approximately $2 billion; those talks were led by Balerion Space Ventures. SI007
CI007 No official post-money valuation for the March 2026 round has been confirmed by Vast or any investor; the $2 billion figure is based solely on pre-close reporting and should be treated as an unconfirmed estimate. SI007
CI008 The $200 million debt tranche's maturity date, interest rate, and covenant package have not been publicly disclosed by Vast or any investor.
CI009 Qatar Investment Authority co-invested in both the Vast Series A (March 2026) and the Axiom Space $350 million round completed weeks earlier, demonstrating sovereign wealth diversification across CLD competitors. SI004, SI016
CI010 Vast's first contractual NASA revenue event is the sixth private astronaut mission (PAM) to the ISS, awarded by NASA on 12 February 2026 and targeted for no earlier than summer 2027. SI012, SI011
CI011 Vast has not disclosed the pricing or contracted revenue value of its PAM award with NASA; the company has also not published pricing for Haven-1 lab racks or private astronaut seats.
CI012 Vast CEO Max Haot stated publicly at the ASCENDxTexas conference (February 2026) that internal projections and fundraising model carry "close to zero dollars for the LEO economy in the next five years," with the core revenue base being NASA and Western ISS partner governments. SI011, SI016
CI013 NASA's August 2025 CLD Phase 2 directive allocated $272.3 million for FY2026 and $2.1 billion over five years for commercial space station development awards to all awardees combined, with payments structured as milestone-based SAAs requiring no less than 25% of total value paid after a successful in-space crewed demonstration. SI014, SI009
CI014 As of the run date, Vast has not yet won a NASA CLD Phase 2 SAA; the RFP has not been released and the award is pending, making it the critical path item for Vast's medium-term revenue. SI009, SI016
CI015 Vast Satellite, announced May 2026, is a new high-power 15 kW-class satellite bus product line leveraging subsystems and flight heritage from Haven-1 and Haven Demo. SI010, SI019
CI016 Vast Satellite's first commercial sale is four satellite buses to a confidential customer, with an option for the customer to purchase up to 200 additional units; pricing and delivery timeline are not disclosed. SI010, SI019
CI017 Vast signed a strategic agreement with CASIS (manager of the ISS National Lab) in April 2025 to channel third-party research proposals through the ISS National Laboratory, supporting PAM mission science readiness; no near-term revenue from this agreement has been disclosed. SI013, SI018
CI018 Vast CEO Haot described the near-term commercial market for Haven stations as NASA and Western ISS partner governments, with a "growth market" of emerging space agencies and a small number of self-funded private individuals. SI016, SI011
CI019 Vast had more than 1,000 employees as of March 2026, up from approximately 800 in May 2025 and approximately 950 in July 2025, reflecting a hiring rate of roughly 50 people per month. SI001, SI021, SI024
CI020 Vast's 189,000 sq ft Long Beach campus comprises three warehouses housing manufacturing, integration, and mission control facilities; the company also maintains a testing stand in Mojave, California, and uses NASA's Neil Armstrong Test Facility in Ohio for system-level testing. SI024, SI021
CI021 Approximately 90% of Haven-1's components are manufactured in-house by Vast, reflecting a vertically integrated model the company credits with a claimed 10× reduction in primary structure manufacturing costs relative to traditional space station programmes. SI001, SI024
CI022 Vast has not disclosed its monthly burn rate, cumulative cash spend to date, or the specific breakdown of capex versus opex in its financial profile.
CI023 The March 2026 round's stated use of proceeds includes expanding facilities, growing the team, and advancing Haven-2; Haven-1 production is described as already underway and approaching integration phase. SI001, SI002
CI024 Haven-1 is scheduled to launch in Q1 2027 on a SpaceX Falcon 9; the contracted launch cost and Dragon crew transport pricing have not been publicly disclosed by Vast or SpaceX. SI006, SI012
CI025 Vast's gross margin on any contracted activity, service, or product has not been disclosed; no P&L, income statement, or EBITDA figure has been published by the company.
CI026 The $200 million debt tranche is described as funding facility expansion, team growth, and Haven-2 advancement, introducing a fixed-cash-service obligation whose terms remain undisclosed. SI001, SI002
CI027 Vast's entire near-term revenue plan depends on NASA as the anchor customer; the company has no disclosed commercial revenue from the LEO economy and CEO Haot's own projections model near-zero non-government revenue for five years. SI011, SI012, SI016
CI028 The NASA CLD Phase 2 competition has not issued a final RFP as of the run date; delays in the award process, compounded by an active US Senate proposal to extend ISS to 2032, could defer Vast's first anchor revenue by two or more years. SI009, SI016, SI017
CI029 The Beyond Earth Institute's March 2026 report identified the absence of a clear indemnification policy for on-orbit activities as a risk that could "threaten investor confidence" and "CLD program continuity," directly impacting the financing risk profile of CLD competitors including Vast. SI008
CI030 Vast's absence of near-term commercial revenue from the LEO economy (manufacturing, pharma, space tourism) means any delay in NASA CLD Phase 2 awards or PAM mission revenue directly extends the cash-burn horizon without a commercial-revenue offset. SI011, SI016
CI031 Vast Satellite's first sale of four satellite buses with a 200-unit option represents early revenue diversification into the satellite manufacturing market, though unit pricing, delivery schedule, and margin are all undisclosed. SI010, SI019
CI032 The CLD Phase 2 NASA budget of $2.1 billion over five years, split among at least two awardees (preferably three or more), implies a per-awardee development-funding envelope of roughly $300–$700 million depending on the number of selected providers. SI014
CI033 NASA's plan to retire the ISS by 2030, combined with the milestone-based CLD Phase 2 SAA payment structure (at least 25% deferred to post-crewed-demonstration), means Vast's material government revenue is unlikely to commence before 2028 at the earliest, even if awarded promptly. SI014, SI017
CI034 Vast has not disclosed cash on hand, net cash position, or cumulative cash expenditure; any runway estimate is a rough analyst approximation based on disclosed raise size and benchmarked burn rates.
CI035 Vast has not disclosed any revenue recognition policy, accounting basis, or audited financial statements; the company operates as a private entity with no public financial disclosure obligation.
CI036 Vast has not disclosed any customer prepayments, seat deposits, or letters of intent for Haven-1 lab rack access; the PAM award itself does not imply up-front cash payment to Vast.
CI037 No public revenue, ARR, burn rate, or gross margin figure exists for Vast Space as of the run date; the company is a private pre-revenue aerospace development entity. SI011, SI016
CI038 The total development cost of Haven-2 to full operational capability has not been publicly disclosed by Vast; no programme budget or lifecycle cost estimate is in the public domain.
CI039 Axiom Space, Vast's closest CLD Phase 2 competitor, raised $350 million in late January/February 2026, with QIA co-investing in both that round and Vast's March 2026 round, indicating broad sovereign-wealth interest in the CLD sector rather than exclusive commitment to any single provider. SI016, SI004
CI040 The ISS National Lab model provides a precedent for third-party research revenue on orbit; ISS commercial rack utilization has historically been priced at approximately $1.7–$5 million per rack per year, providing a lower-bound benchmark for Haven-1 lab economics. SI018, SI013
CE001 Haven-1 is a single-module commercial space station with 45 m³ habitable volume, 80 m³ pressurized volume, 14,600 kg launch mass, targeting a 51.6° inclination orbit at 425 km altitude. SE004, SE005
CE002 Haven-1 is designed for four-person crews on two-week missions, with four private crew quarters, a 24 m³ common area, and a deployable communal table. SE004, SE005
CE003 Haven-1 has dimensions of 4.4 m diameter and 10.1 m height and is contracted to launch on a SpaceX Falcon 9 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. SE004, SE003
CE004 Haven-1 power system uses twelve deployable solar array wings supplied by Spanish manufacturer DHV Technology, each producing 1.1 kW for a total peak power of 13.2 kW, supplemented by in-house battery modules. SE004, SE001
CE005 Haven-1 uses six in-house-designed control moment gyroscopes (CMGs) for attitude control, each consisting of a fast-spinning flywheel mounted on an articulated gimbal. SE001
CE006 Haven-1 propulsion is provided by Impulse Space's Saiph thruster system using N₂O/ethane storable non-toxic propellant for RCS attitude augmentation and dedicated deorbit thrusters. SE007, SE002
CE007 Haven-1 docking uses a passive International Docking Adapter (IDA); the flight unit completed a fit-check confirming mechanical alignment and interface compatibility with SpaceX Dragon hardware in October 2025. SE003
CE008 Haven-1 communications use a SpaceX Starlink laser terminal providing gigabit-speed low-latency connectivity for crew devices, payload racks, and external cameras, plus a redundant GEO/ground-station RF pathway. SE006, SE002
CE009 Haven-1 features a 1.1 m domed observation window optimized for a 180-degree view, which also serves as a structural element covered by MMOD shielding spanning the entire exterior. SE004, SE005
CE010 Haven-1 Lab includes ten Middeck Locker Equivalent (MLE) payload slots operable by crew or remotely commanded via Starlink; as of April 2025, capacity was described as nearing full with five signed partners. SE005, SE011
CE011 Haven-1 thermal control uses additively manufactured cold plates to conduct heat from avionics into a thermal control fluid loop, with thermal radiators to be installed in Phase 3 integration. SE004
CE012 Haven-1's interior design was led by Peter Russell-Clarke (former Apple) and includes a patent-pending sleep system roughly the size of a queen bed providing customized pressure distribution to support side and back sleepers. SE005
CE013 Haven Demo was launched November 2, 2025 on SpaceX's Bandwagon-4 rideshare, achieved power-positive status 15 minutes after separation, established two-way communications 23 minutes after separation, and completed 49 test objectives over a three-month mission. SE002
CE014 Haven Demo validated GNC hardware and algorithms, avionics compute, networking, power distribution, solar arrays, RF hardware and communications, cameras, thermal control, in-space propulsion, and flight software on orbit. SE002, SE003
CE015 On-orbit GPS data on Haven Demo showed unexpected interference over conflict regions; software updates were uplinked to filter out unreliable position signals, demonstrating in-flight software patch capability. SE002
CE016 Radiation effects on Haven Demo matched ground predictions, confirming radiation mitigation systems performed as designed during a period of historically elevated space weather. SE002
CE017 In January 2026, Haven Demo mission operations conducted Saiph thruster test burns, validating propellant conditioning operations and anchoring thruster performance to ground vacuum test data. SE002, SE007
CE018 Vast operated a multi-tier ground test infrastructure for Haven Demo including a Ground Test Simulator (GTsim), a Software-in-the-Loop (SITL) asset, and a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HITL) asset; real flight data was used to build a higher-fidelity HITL for Haven-1. SE002
CE019 On February 4, 2026, Vast executed a controlled deorbit of Haven Demo, lowering perigee by 170 km and executing a terminal burn for splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean, with coordination from NASA, aviation, and maritime safety authorities. SE002
CE020 Haven-1 primary structure uses aluminum, selected in March 2024 after a parallel manufacturing effort showed stainless steel posed manufacturing challenges; the trade study started in November 2023. SE001, SE018
CE021 The Haven-1 primary structure qualification article proof pressure test on January 31, 2025 pressurized the structure to 1.8 barD (26 psig) for five hours; the leak rate was indiscernible against the 1.2 scc/min requirement, and all strain gauges stayed within acceptable ranges. SE001, SE008
CE022 Vast manufactured the Haven-1 primary structure qualification article from zero aluminum work to a proof-tested structure in 15 months, described by the company as a record timeline for space station primary structure manufacturing. SE001, SE018
CE023 Haven-1 flight-ready primary structure was completed by July 2025, passed flight acceptance pressure testing at Mojave in late 2025, and began Phase 1 integration in the Long Beach cleanroom in January 2026. SE003, SE018
CE024 Phase 1 integration installs pressurized fluid systems including thermal control loops, life support plumbing, propulsion tubes, component trays, and tanks with pressure, leak, and functional testing. SE003
CE025 Haven-1's trace contaminant control system (TCCS) was tested at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center under a reimbursable Space Act Agreement, using the same environmental chamber previously used to test ISS ECLSS, and was confirmed to maintain a safe atmosphere for all planned mission phases. SE008
CE026 Vast signed a Space Act Agreement with NASA on April 3, 2025 to use the Neil Armstrong Test Facility's Space Environments Complex in Sandusky, Ohio for Haven-1 acoustic, vibration, EMI, and thermal vacuum environmental testing scheduled for 2026. SE009
CE027 Vast announced in January 2026 that Haven-1's launch readiness target is Q1 2027, a slip from the previously stated mid-2026 target, attributed to integration timeline maturation. SE003, SE018
CE028 Haven-2 is designed as an evolved, NASA-certified version of Haven-1; the first Haven-2 module is planned to be approximately 5 m longer than Haven-1 and offer nearly twice the habitable volume while using the same proven systems. SE022
CE029 If selected by NASA under CLD Phase II in mid-2026, Vast plans to launch the first Haven-2 module with full operational capability in orbit by 2028, followed by three additional modules launched every six months for a four-module station by end of 2030. SE022, SE002
CE030 Vast signed a cargo services agreement with The Exploration Company for a 2028 mission to Haven-2, with Nyx capable of carrying up to 4,000 kg to the station and returning up to 2,600 kg of down-mass. SE014, SE020
CE031 Vast signed a strategic agreement with CASIS to support ISS National Lab research access in preparation for its NASA Private Astronaut Mission bid, enabling research proposals and technology demonstrations on the ISS. SE016
CE032 In February 2026, NASA selected Vast for the sixth private astronaut mission to the ISS, targeted for summer 2027, for a crew of up to four spending 14 days aboard. SE017
CE033 Haven-1 Lab signed payload partners include Redwire and Yuri (existing), plus JAMSS (Japan, multi-purpose payload facility), Interstellar Lab (plant growth Eden 1.0), Exobiosphere (drug screening OHTS device), and a strategic research collaboration with Cedars-Sinai for organoid and biomanufacturing research. SE011, SE012
CE034 Vast Satellite, announced May 19, 2026, is a 15 kW-class satellite bus (700 kg dry mass, 350+ kg payload, 5-year design life) built on common subsystems from Haven-1 and validated through Haven Demo; the first sale covers four satellites with an option for 200 to a confidential customer. SE013
CE035 Artificial gravity habitats — large spinning structures creating centrifugal acceleration to mitigate muscle atrophy, bone loss, and elevated intracranial pressure from prolonged microgravity — are Vast's stated long-term vision but are not included in Haven-1 or Haven-2 designs. SE015, SE022
CE036 Three separate critical operational dependencies — launch vehicle (SpaceX Falcon 9), crew transport (SpaceX Dragon), and primary broadband connectivity (SpaceX Starlink) — are all contracted with SpaceX, representing a significant concentration risk with no publicly disclosed backup supplier for any of these functions. SE006, SE007, SE003
CE037 Haven-1's environmental control and life support system is designed as open-loop for two-week missions relying on consumable oxygen resupply; no closed-loop regenerative ECLSS has been demonstrated or publicly confirmed as a Haven-1 design element. SE008, SE022
CE038 Haven Demo was an unmanned demonstration satellite, not a pressurized crewed module; it did not test ECLSS, crew habitation interfaces, docking with a crewed vehicle, or full thermal loads representative of a crewed station mission. SE002, SE003
CE039 The original Haven-1 launch target was August 2025, subsequently moved to May 2026, and as of January 2026 updated again to Q1 2027; the schedule has slipped approximately 20 months from the original August 2025 target. SE018, SE003
CE040 The Neil Armstrong Test Facility environmental test campaign for Haven-1, scheduled for 2026, represents a gating item before launch readiness; unplanned rework during Phase 2 or Phase 3 integration or NTF testing could propagate schedule further. SE009, SE003
CE041 Haven-1's Starlink agreement extends to future Vast platforms including Haven-2, which deepens the SpaceX dependency across the entire product roadmap rather than isolating it to Haven-1 alone. SE006
CE042 Vast describes its manufacturing approach as delivering a 10× reduction in primary structure manufacturing costs relative to traditional space station programs, driven by in-house vertical integration and shortened manufacturing timelines. SE003
CE043 NASA's assessment of the commercial LEO market, countered by station builders in 2025 trade press, suggested readiness and market demand uncertainties; independent reviewers noted that all commercial station programs are in pre-operational development phases. SE023, SE024
CU001 Vast's commercial customer base spans three structural demand channels: commercial payload research (MLE slot leasing), institutional and government (NASA/ESA/CASIS), and industrial in-space services. SU001, SU013
CU002 All five publicly confirmed Haven-1 Lab payload partners operate in life sciences or adjacent biotechnology fields, creating sector concentration in Vast's pre-launch commercial pipeline. SU012, SU013, SU020
CU003 The joint SpaceX/Vast research RFP offers microgravity research access at no cost to selected investigators, explicitly widening the potential applicant pool beyond organizations with commercial research budgets. SU004, SU016
CU004 Vast established Vast Japan GK on December 11, 2025, appointing retired JAXA astronaut Naoko Yamazaki as General Manager to build commercial presence in the Japanese market. SU005
CU005 Giorgio Saccoccia, former ESA Director General, was appointed President Europe at Vast, directly linking ESA institutional relationships to Vast's European business development pipeline. SU006
CU006 Vast's regional offices in Japan and Europe, combined with the ESA MOU, Czech Republic MOU, and NASA PAM-6 award, address institutional and government demand channels across North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. SU005, SU006, SU015
CU007 Haven-1 Lab has 8 Middeck Locker Equivalent (MLE) payload slots, each providing up to 100 W of electrical power, per the current Haven-1 Lab product page. SU001, SU013
CU008 Haven-1 Lab payload slots are remotely commandable via the onboard SpaceX Starlink laser terminal, enabling investigators to operate experiments without requiring real-time crew intervention. SU001, SU013
CU009 Redwire Space is a confirmed payload partner for Haven-1 Lab, contributing the ADSEP4 automated drug-suspension bioreactor system for pharmaceutical processing research. SU003, SU012, SU020
CU010 Yuri GmbH is a confirmed payload partner for Haven-1 Lab, contributing its ScienceTaxi multi-user cassette facility; Yuri reported 61 customers on 4 continents with 151 space labs launched as of its current website. SU002, SU012, SU020, SU026
CU011 JAMSS (Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation) is a confirmed Haven-1 Lab payload partner, described as 'Asia's first payload partner' for Haven-1, contributing a multi-purpose payload for science experiments. SU011, SU012, SU020
CU012 Interstellar Lab is a confirmed Haven-1 Lab payload partner, contributing Eden 1.0, a controlled-environment plant-growth chamber for astrobiology and food-technology applications. SU012, SU020
CU013 Exobiosphere is a confirmed Haven-1 Lab payload partner, contributing the Orbital High-Throughput Screening (OHTS) platform for in-space biomedical assay work. SU008, SU012, SU020
CU014 Cedars-Sinai Medical Center entered a research collaboration with Vast and Exobiosphere, announced April 16, 2026, to conduct microgravity science and crew health research using the Exobiosphere OHTS platform. SU010, SU024
CU015 Vast stated in April 2025 that Haven-1 Lab was 'nearing full capacity,' implying the majority of its 8 MLE payload slots were committed to partners at that time. SU013, SU020
CU016 The joint SpaceX/Vast research RFP offers access to Haven-1 Lab payload capacity at no financial cost to selected research teams, managed through a competitive selection process. SU004, SU016
CU017 As of runDate, no contract values, payload slot fee benchmarks, or financial commitments from any Haven-1 Lab payload partner have been publicly disclosed by Vast or any of the partners. SU001, SU013
CU018 Yuri's ScienceTaxi platform is designed as a multi-user facility that hosts multiple independent investigator cassettes within a single MLE footprint, increasing effective customer throughput per payload slot. SU026, SU002
CU019 Five payload partners are publicly named for Haven-1 Lab as of runDate; with 8 MLE slots total, approximately 3 slots remain uncommitted or reserved, consistent with the April 2025 nearing-capacity statement. SU001, SU012, SU013
CU020 Interstellar Lab was announced as one of three additional Haven-1 Lab payload partners (alongside JAMSS and Exobiosphere) in April 2025, joining Redwire and Yuri who had been announced at an earlier stage. SU012, SU020
CU021 NASA selected Vast for the sixth NASA Private Astronaut Mission (PAM-6) on February 12, 2026, the first time NASA has assigned Vast a private astronaut mission contract. SU014, SU019, SU021, SU022
CU022 PAM-6 will fly a crew of up to four astronauts to ISS on a SpaceX Dragon for a mission of up to 14 days, with a not-earlier-than date of summer 2027. SU014, SU022
CU023 Vast signed a strategic agreement with ISS National Lab (CASIS) on April 10, 2025, enabling Vast-sponsored researchers to access ISS National Lab resources before Haven-1 launches. SU017, SU025
CU024 The CASIS agreement positions Vast to transition ISS National Lab-connected researchers to Haven-1 Lab when the station is operational, providing a structured pre-launch customer development pipeline. SU007, SU017
CU025 Vast signed an MOU with the European Space Agency on June 6, 2024; the MOU is non-binding and exploratory, with no binding commercial commitment from ESA to purchase services or fly astronauts. SU015, SU019
CU026 Vast announced a Czech Republic MOU in November 2024, representing a second European government agreement alongside the ESA MOU; neither has produced a binding commercial commitment as of runDate. SU015, SU018
CU027 Vast signed a deal with SpaceX in December 2024 for two Dragon human spaceflight missions to ISS, providing the launch infrastructure underpinning the PAM-6 and a subsequent mission. SU018
CU028 Megan McArthur, a retired NASA astronaut, joined Vast as an Astronaut Advisor in 2026, adding to the existing advisorship of Sunita Williams and supporting NASA and government customer credibility. SU009
CU029 All five confirmed Haven-1 Lab payload partners operate in life sciences or biotech; Vast has no publicly confirmed partner in advanced materials, industrial manufacturing, or technology demonstration as of runDate. SU012, SU020
CU030 Vast is pre-revenue as of runDate; no payload slot fees, PAM-6 mission revenue, or government contract values have been publicly disclosed, and the company does not report commercial revenue. SU013, SU014, SU001
CU031 The ESA MOU is explicitly non-binding; the Czech Republic and Japan MOUs are described as frameworks for cooperation rather than binding commercial agreements, and none carries guaranteed revenue as of runDate. SU015, SU025
CU032 ISS National Lab operations depend on ISS remaining operational through its planned 2030 deorbit; Vast's CASIS-bridged customer pipeline faces transition risk if ISS retires before Haven-1 is fully operational. SU007, SU017
CU033 The joint SpaceX/Vast no-cost RFP may set a market expectation of subsidized research access, which could complicate Vast's ability to charge commercial rates for Haven-1 Lab slots in future mission cycles. SU004, SU016
CU034 Axiom Space, Vast's closest commercial competitor, has multiple ISS commercial modules under contract with NASA and an established private astronaut mission customer base representing more advanced commercial traction than Vast. SU023
CU035 The commercial space station market includes at least three competing programs—Axiom Station, Starlab (Sierra Space/Nikon), and Orbital Reef (Blue Origin/Sierra Space)—all targeting overlapping life-sciences and government customer segments. SU023
CU036 Vast's 'nearing full capacity' claim for Haven-1 Lab has not been independently verified; no third-party audit or independent slot inventory disclosure corroborates the April 2025 company statement. SU013, SU020
CU037 None of Vast's payload partner agreements includes publicly disclosed minimum revenue commitments or binding financial terms; all partnerships remain at risk of deferral or cancellation if Haven-1 launches later than expected. SU001, SU012
CU038 PAM-6 is a mission to ISS, not to Haven-1; the award does not generate Haven-1 station revenue directly, though it builds Vast's NASA relationship and operational credibility for future Haven-1 missions. SU014, SU019
CU039 NASA's assessment of the commercial LEO market raised concerns about whether demand would be sufficient to support multiple commercial station programs; commercial station builders including Vast publicly contested this assessment. SU023
CU040 Cedars-Sinai's collaboration with Exobiosphere is the only named end-institution in the Haven-1 Lab partner ecosystem with an independent institutional press release confirming the partnership from its own newsroom. SU010, SU024
CU041 Yuri's 151 prior space lab flights and 61 customers on 4 continents provide independent evidence of commercial demand for MLE-scale microgravity research services, validating the addressable market Haven-1 Lab targets. SU002, SU026
CU042 Haven-1 Lab's five confirmed payload partners span four countries (USA, Germany, Japan, France), indicating multi-regional demand for commercial microgravity services despite operating in adjacent biotech verticals. SU011, SU012, SU020
CR001 Haven-1's launch target was officially revised from mid-2026 to no earlier than Q1 2027, announced by Vast CEO Max Haot in January 2026. SR001, SR002, SR013
CR002 Vast CEO Max Haot described Q1 2027 as the date the company can 'confidently' meet for Haven-1's launch, framing prior 2026 targets as aspirational. SR003
CR003 After Haven-1 reaches orbit, SpaceX must complete a contractual verification process before docking a crewed Dragon; that clearance window could be as short as two weeks or as long as three years post-launch. SR001, SR003
CR004 Haven-1's integration campaign consists of three sequential phases: Phase 1 (thermal control, life support, propulsion systems), Phase 2 (avionics, guidance, navigation, and control), and Phase 3 (interior habitation, external shielding, radiators, solar panels). SR001, SR016
CR005 Following the three integration phases, Haven-1 must complete a full environmental test campaign at NASA's Neil Armstrong Test Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, before launch processing can begin. SR029, SR003
CR006 At approximately 14,000 kg, Haven-1 will be the heaviest payload ever launched on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket. SR013, SR017
CR007 Haven-1 has 45 m³ of pressurized volume, which is insufficient for autonomous continuous human habitation; the station must rely on Crew Dragon's life support systems for crew respiratory and atmospheric control during crewed periods. SR013, SR003
CR008 During crewed operations, Haven-1 depends on Crew Dragon for atmospheric revitalization, CO₂ scrubbing, humidity control, and emergency crew return; without Dragon docked, the station cannot sustain human life independently. SR003, SR013
CR009 Haven-1 is designed for crew visits of up to 30 days maximum, with the nominal plan targeting approximately two-week expeditions per mission. SR001, SR003
CR010 Haven-1's ECLSS trace contaminant control subsystem passed qualification testing at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, confirming it can maintain a safe and healthy atmosphere for all planned mission phases. SR011, SR014
CR011 Impulse Space is the sole-source propulsion vendor for Haven-1, delivering a system using storable N₂O/ethane propellant with Saiph thrusters for reaction control. SR020, SR013
CR012 NASA's CLD Phase 2 acquisition strategy was formally classified as a 'high-risk acquisition' because it required a $4 billion budget overguide beyond projected appropriations. SR009, SR008
CR013 The FY2026 Presidential Budget Request allocated $272.3 million for CLD in FY2026 and $2.1 billion over five years—a level NASA leadership stated is insufficient to fund two complete commercial space stations. SR009, SR008
CR014 Vast closed a $500 million round in March 2026, comprising $300M in Series A equity and $200M in debt, led by Balerion Space Ventures with participation from Nikon, Qatar Investment Authority, Mitsui, and MUFG, bringing total invested capital above $1 billion. SR012, SR023, SR027
CR015 Haven-2's nine-module architecture by 2032 requires capital well beyond Vast's current $1B+ capitalization; no public cost estimate for the full configuration has been disclosed. SR024, SR012
CR016 Vast has no disclosed commercial revenue stream as of May 2026; all operational funding derives from private equity and debt with no earned income from station operations. SR025, SR027
CR017 Jed McCaleb, co-founder of Ripple, is Vast's primary financial backer; while the March 2026 round introduced institutional co-investors, no secondary backer at comparable scale to McCaleb has been publicly confirmed. SR025, SR012
CR018 NASA's CLDC acquisition is formally on hold as of January 28, 2026; NASA has stated it will continue to support industry through funded Space Act Agreements rather than a firm fixed-price CLD service contract, and no updated procurement milestone schedule has been published. SR006, SR015
CR019 NASA's July 2025 CLD directive reduced the mandatory minimum crew presence requirement from continuous six-month rotations to one-month crew stays, lowering the technical bar for commercial station competitors. SR009, SR008
CR020 NASA's July 2025 CLD directive explicitly declared the agency's 'continuous heartbeat' LEO presence strategy—which mandated uninterrupted human presence in LEO after ISS retirement—non-binding. SR009, SR008
CR021 Rather than a firm fixed-price Phase 2 CLD contract, NASA will award funded Space Act Agreements to at least two companies to mature designs through critical design review and flight demonstrations with non-NASA crews before certification. SR006, SR009
CR022 NASA leadership stated in March 2026 that 'there's no independently verifiable market research indicating the economic viability of a commercial station that is only partially funded by NASA,' and acknowledged the projected commercial market has not emerged as fast as originally projected. SR007
CR023 The ISS is scheduled for deorbit in 2030; NASA awarded a US Deorbit Vehicle contract to SpaceX in 2024 to execute the controlled reentry. SR026, SR028
CR024 A US Senate authorization bill that would extend ISS operations to 2032 was under consideration as of early 2026, which—if passed—could extend NASA's institutional crew needs on ISS and reduce urgency for commercial station awards. SR022, SR019
CR025 Vast holds only an unfunded Space Act Agreement with NASA for Haven-1, providing technical assistance but no direct NASA funding; Vast was not selected for Phase 1 funded SAAs, which were awarded to Axiom Space, Blue Origin (with Sierra Space), and Starlab Space. SR016, SR018
CR026 SpaceX is Vast's sole contracted launch vehicle provider (Falcon 9) and sole crew transportation provider (Crew Dragon) for all planned Haven-1 missions; no alternative launch or crew vehicle has been contracted. SR016, SR024
CR027 SpaceX shifted all planned Dragon missions from LC-39A at Kennedy Space Center to SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station beginning in early 2026, freeing LC-39A for Starship and Falcon Heavy infrastructure. SR005
CR028 In October 2024, NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel warned that SpaceX must 'maintain focus on safe Crew Dragon operations' after a series of anomalies including a Falcon 9 second-stage failure, an upper stage engine anomaly on Crew-9, and a booster landing loss. SR004
CR029 SpaceX's priority at LC-39A has shifted to Falcon Heavy and Starship operations, and its overall Florida manifest is increasingly crowded, creating potential scheduling constraints for Dragon/Falcon 9 missions including Vast-1. SR005
CR030 Starlink is Haven-1's primary and exclusive internet communications provider; SpaceX thus controls Vast's launch vehicle, crew vehicle, life support, and primary communications—a quadruple dependency on a single counterparty. SR016, SR013
CR031 Impulse Space is the sole disclosed propulsion supplier for Haven-1; no backup propulsion vendor or alternative system has been publicly identified. SR020, SR011
CR032 As of May 2026, Vast has one fully contracted crew mission (Vast-1) and one mission reserved via deposit with a second option; two additional missions are 'envisioned' over Haven-1's three-year life but are not yet contractually committed. SR001, SR003
CR033 Vast CEO Max Haot confirmed the company is in deep negotiations with private individuals and nation-states for crew missions 3 and 4 but is not yet ready to announce customer names. SR003
CR034 The commercial LEO market for non-NASA customers—private individuals, corporations, and national space agencies paying market rates for station access—has not been independently verified as economically viable for privately funded stations. SR007, SR022
CR035 Haven-1's commercial revenue base depends primarily on wealthy private individuals and nation-states willing to pay multi-million-dollar seat prices, a market segment with highly variable demand and no established track record at commercial station scale. SR012, SR019
CR036 NASA's March 2026 'Ignition' event presentations explicitly stated the commercial station business case depends on a mature market that 'continues to tell us it's about 10 years away'—underscoring that the market may not materialize on Vast's timeline. SR007
CR037 The FAA reached 1,000 licensed commercial space operations as of August 2025, establishing a mature launch licensing framework; Haven-1's Falcon 9 launch and any crew operations will require FAA launch licensing under 14 CFR Part 400–460. SR010
CR038 SpaceX verification requirements for Haven-1 crewed docking are governed by contractual milestones between Vast and SpaceX; the specific technical criteria and timeline are not public, leaving crewed mission scheduling highly uncertain. SR001, SR003
CR039 Without Crew Dragon physically docked at Haven-1, the station is unable to sustain human crew life, making Dragon availability a hard operational constraint for every crewed mission segment. SR003, SR013
CR040 Vast holds an unfunded Space Act Agreement while competitors Axiom, Blue Origin, and Starlab hold funded Phase 1 SAAs worth hundreds of millions of dollars; Vast enters Phase 2 competition without a funded development track record under the NASA program. SR018, SR022
CR041 NASA Associate Administrator Amit Kshatriya stated in March 2026: 'In the absence of a mature market, and then in the current budget we've been allocated, we cannot fund a path of two stations. It's a challenge even to fund one.' SR007
CR042 Under the revised NASA approach, minimum crew habitation drops to one-month stays per mission; this aligns with Haven-1's short-stay design but removes the institutional pull for a continuous-presence Haven-2 and may reduce the ultimate addressable NASA contract size. SR009, SR008
CR043 Haven-2 is planned as a nine-module complex operational by 2032, requiring approximately one new module launch every six months starting in 2028; this schedule depends on Haven-1 operational success and sufficient capital availability. SR024, SR003
CR044 Thesis-break triggers for the Vast investment case include: (1) Haven-1 structural or ECLSS failure on orbit, (2) termination or material modification of the Vast-SpaceX launch and crew agreement, (3) NASA eliminating all CLD funded pathways, and (4) Jed McCaleb withdrawing capital support before Haven-2 reaches CDR. SR012, SR007, SR009
CR045 Vast's total capital raised exceeds $1 billion as of March 2026; at current development phase and with Haven-1 fully funded, the company is estimated to have a multi-year operational runway, though exact burn rate and Haven-2 capital requirements have not been publicly disclosed. SR014, SR012
CR046 Despite the January 2026 schedule slip, Vast's Q1 2027 Haven-1 target remains approximately one to two years ahead of Axiom Station Module 1 (targeting 2028) and Starlab (targeting 2029); however, Haven-1's limited volume and short-duration mission profile differ fundamentally from those continuous-presence competitors. SR001, SR003, SR019
CV001 Vast Space closed a $500 million financing package on 5 March 2026, consisting of $300 million in Series A preferred equity and $200 million in debt. SV001, SV002, SV004, SV005
CV002 The $300 million Series A equity round was led by Balerion Space Ventures. SV002, SV023
CV003 Series A co-investors include IQT (CIA-affiliated venture arm), Qatar Investment Authority, Mitsui and Co., MUFG, Nikon Corporation via NFocus Fund, Stellar Ventures, Space Capital, Earthrise Ventures, and founder Jed McCaleb. SV002, SV014
CV004 NASA awarded Vast the sixth private astronaut mission contract to ISS on 12 February 2026, targeting no earlier than summer 2027. SV007, SV021
CV005 In December 2025, Forbes reported that Vast was in talks to raise money at a $2 billion pre-money valuation, led by Balerion Space Ventures. SV003, SV004
CV006 Neither Vast, Balerion Space Ventures, nor any co-investor has officially confirmed a post-money equity valuation in any press release or public statement as of May 2026. SV001, SV002, SV003
CV007 If the December 2025 Forbes pre-money estimate of $2 billion held in the final deal, the $300 million equity injection implies an approximate post-money equity valuation of $2.3 billion. SV003, SV005
CV008 Total capital deployed in Vast Space exceeds $1 billion, per the company's own press materials and corroborated by investment round announcements. SV001, SV002
CV009 Prior to the March 2026 round, Vast was funded entirely by founder Jed McCaleb, who had publicly stated willingness to deploy up to $1 billion of his personal capital in the company. SV022, SV004
CV010 The $200 million debt tranche's maturity, coupon, and covenant package have not been publicly disclosed as of May 2026. SV001, SV005
CV011 The post-March 2026 capital structure consists of $300 million Series A preferred equity, $200 million debt, and prior founder equity capital exceeding $700 million, for total invested capital above $1 billion. SV001, SV002, SV022
CV012 The debt tranche's undisclosed terms mean that covenant restrictions and maturity obligations cannot be modelled in equity valuation analyses with meaningful precision. SV001, SV005
CV013 In a distress scenario, debt holders rank ahead of Series A preferred equity; the $200 million obligation reduces equity recovery value under bear-case assumptions. SV006, SV008
CV014 Some secondary market commentary and analyst notes cited an approximate $2.5 billion Vast valuation, but corroboration for that higher figure is thin and no official confirmation exists. SV011, SV010
CV015 Replacement-cost analysis yields a floor valuation above $1 billion for Vast: assets include Haven Demo flight heritage, Haven-1 integration progress, a 189,000 sq ft campus, a Mojave test stand, 1,000-plus employees, and a first Vast Satellite bus commercial sale. SV001, SV004, SV020
CV016 Vast claims a 10× reduction in primary structure manufacturing costs compared to traditional space station programmes, which supports a replacement-cost premium above capital deployed. SV004, SV011
CV017 Sierra Space announced a March 2026 funding round that brought its company valuation to $8 billion and total capital investments to $2 billion since 2021, implying a 4× price-to-invested-capital multiple. SV010, SV011
CV018 NASA's August 2025 CLD directive allocates $2.1 billion over five years for funded Space Act Agreements with at least two, preferably three or more, commercial station providers, with award expected mid-2026. SV007, SV019
CV019 Because Vast is pre-revenue, traditional DCF analysis is not applicable; milestone-based probability analysis, implied-pricing, replacement-cost, and comparable-transaction approaches are the four most appropriate valuation methods. SV008, SV009, SV011
CV020 Rocket Lab reported FY2025 revenue of $602 million with 38% year-on-year growth and a $1.85 billion backlog, implying an EV/2025-revenue multiple of approximately 12–15× based on its public market capitalisation. SV025, SV016, SV024
CV021 Axiom Space has accumulated over $350 million in funding across multiple rounds and is the only commercial entity to have generated revenue from private astronaut ISS missions. SV015, SV026, SV018
CV022 Sierra Space at $8 billion valuation on $2 billion deployed implies a 4× price-to-invested-capital multiple; Vast at approximately $2.3 billion on more than $1 billion deployed implies a 2.3× multiple, lower but reflecting Vast's earlier commercial stage. SV010, SV001, SV011
CV023 Pre-IPO commercial aerospace companies with confirmed government revenue have historically been valued at 8–15× forward revenue multiples; pre-revenue companies typically receive valuation based on milestone probability and strategic option value. SV009, SV018, SV016
CV024 A CLD Phase 2 funded SAA win would re-rate Vast's equity valuation by an estimated $1–2 billion, as it converts the programme from development-stage to government-anchored operator with multi-year contracted revenue. SV007, SV008, SV011
CV025 Key near-term milestones that would materially change Vast's equity valuation include the CLD Phase 2 award announcement (mid-2026), Haven-1 successful launch and orbit insertion (Q1 2027), PAM mission execution (summer 2027), and additional Vast Satellite orders. SV001, SV007, SV021
CV026 In the bull case (CLD Phase 2 win, Haven-1 operational, PAM mission executed, satellite bus revenue emerging), an implied equity value of $3.5–5.0 billion by 2028 is plausible under 5–7× forward-revenue assumptions. SV007, SV011, SV009
CV027 In the base case (CLD Phase 2 won at moderate scale, Haven-1 operational with minor delay, PAM mission revenue), implied equity value settles in the $2.0–3.5 billion range in 2027–2028, consistent with the current implied mark. SV007, SV003, SV011
CV028 In the bear case (CLD Phase 2 lost, Haven-1 commercial only, $200 million debt burden, bridge financing required), implied equity value declines to $0.5–1.5 billion, representing a material loss for Series A investors. SV007, SV008, SV011
CV029 Terminal value for a fully operational commercial station operator by 2030–2032 depends on NASA anchor contract renewals, independent commercial revenue, and crew capacity utilisation; at stabilised margins, an EV of $5–10 billion is plausible but highly speculative. SV009, SV018, SV007
CV030 At $2.3 billion implied equity valuation, Vast trades at approximately 2.3× total capital invested, which is stretched for a pre-revenue company with no confirmed commercial customers and a binary government-award dependency. SV003, SV001, SV011
CV031 The CLD Phase 2 outcome is binary for equity value: winning adds approximately $1–2 billion in de-risked equity value; losing exposes the equity to a bear-case write-down of $0.8–1.8 billion from the current implied mark. SV007, SV008, SV011
CV032 In the bear case, implied IRR for Series A investors from the approximately $2.3 billion entry mark would be negative over a 3–5 year hold period, assuming only Haven-1 commercial revenue and no Phase 2 anchor. SV003, SV006, SV008
CV033 A 30–50% sector-wide multiple compression in private space infrastructure valuations would bring Vast's $2.3 billion implied mark to $1.2–1.6 billion without any company-specific deterioration. SV009, SV011, SV018
CV034 Key thesis-break triggers that would warrant immediate re-evaluation include CLD Phase 2 loss, Haven-1 launch failure, McCaleb disengagement or capital withdrawal, SpaceX Dragon extended safety hold, and debt covenant breach. SV007, SV008, SV011
CV035 Jed McCaleb retains founder control of Vast Space; voting rights and protective provisions for Series A investors are not publicly disclosed, representing a governance concentration risk for minority financial investors. SV022, SV002, SV005
CV036 NASA's official position as of March 2026 is that the agency does not believe a viable independent commercial LEO business case yet exists, confirming that the commercial market beyond government anchor customers is nascent. SV008, SV019, SV007
CV037 Vast will require at least one additional major equity raise of an estimated $1–2 billion before Haven-2 becomes operational, which will dilute current Series A investors if executed below the current implied mark. SV001, SV008, SV011
CV038 The Series A co-investor mix includes intelligence-community capital (IQT), sovereign wealth (QIA), and strategic industrials (Mitsui, MUFG, Nikon), reducing pure financial return pressure but introducing strategic-alignment complexity not present in typical venture rounds. SV002, SV023, SV014
CV039 Balerion Space Ventures describes itself as focused on dual-use space infrastructure with aerospace and defense investment expertise; its investment thesis is consistent with Vast's position at the nexus of commercial and national-security space. SV023, SV003
CV040 Vast's entire commercial programme depends on SpaceX for Falcon 9 launch and Dragon crew transport; no alternative launch vehicle or crew transport provider is currently contracted, representing a single-point operational dependency. SV001, SV021, SV004
CV041 Vast Space has not disclosed any financial projections, DCF model inputs, ARR, burn rate, or forward revenue guidance to the public as of May 2026. SV001, SV005, SV006
CV042 The recommended investment posture for Vast Space as of May 2026 is research-more, with the CLD Phase 2 award announcement as the primary re-evaluation trigger; the risk-adjusted return profile does not support a buy recommendation at the current implied entry price. SV007, SV011, SV008
来源
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SO001 Vast Vast – Building Next-Generation Space Stations (Homepage) Headquartered in Long Beach, California, and with more than 1,000 employees and over a billion dollars in private capital, Vast has built the facilities required to manufacture and operate America's next space station.
SO002 Vast Haven-1 — Vast 4 crew; height: 10.1 m; habitable volume: 45 m³; pressurized volume: 80 m³; mass: 14,600 kg; power: 13,200 w; orbit: 51.6°, 425 km
SO003 Vast Vast Launches with Mission to Develop the World's First Artificial-Gravity Space Stations Founded in 2021 by Jed McCaleb, Vast is developing humanity's next-generation space stations.
SO004 Vast Vast Selected by NASA for Sixth Private Astronaut Mission to International Space Station Vast, the company developing next-generation space stations, has signed an order with NASA for the sixth private astronaut mission to the International Space Station, targeted to launch no earlier than summer 2027.
SO005 Vast Vast Secures $500M in Funding to Accelerate Production of Haven Space Stations The latest financing includes $300 million in Series A equity and $200 million in debt to support the continued development of Vast's Haven space stations.
SO006 Nikon Corporation Nikon Announces Investment in U.S.-based Vast, Inc. Nikon Corporation (Nikon) today announced that it has made an investment in Vast Inc. (Vast), based in Long Beach, California, United States (CEO: Max Haot), through the NFocus Fund.
SO007 BusinessWire Vast Secures $500M in Funding to Accelerate Production of Haven Space Stations Vast's financing round was led by Balerion Space Ventures with participation from IQT, Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), Mitsui & Co., Ltd, MUFG, Nikon Corporation (Nikon), Stellar Ventures, Space Capital, and Earthrise Ventures.
SO008 Aerospace America (AIAA) Commercial station builders counter NASA's assessment of LEO market NASA last month asked for industry feedback on an alternative strategy for transitioning from ISS to privately owned and operated stations at the end of the decade. The agency said it doesn't have the budget to award contracts to two station concepts as planned.
SO009 Forbes Cryptocurrency Billionaire's Space Startup In Talks For $2 Billion Valuation Vast, a startup trying to build the world's first commercial space station, is in talks to raise a $300 million funding round valuing the company at $2 billion, a person familiar with the matter told Forbes.
SO010 Long Beach Post In a race to replace the International Space Station, Vast unveils new headquarters in Long Beach The company, founded in 2021 by a crew of 40, has grown to a 950-person workforce of coders, engineers and industry experts.
SO011 Vast Vast appoints Max Haot as its new CEO and Alex Hudson as its first CTO
SO012 Vast Vast Acquires Launcher to Accelerate Growth
SO013 Vast Vast Advances Haven-1 Into Integration Phase Based on the current integration timeline, Vast is updating its schedule for Haven-1 to be ready to launch Q1 2027.
SO014 Vast Vast Announces Haven-2, Its Proposed Space Station Designed To Succeed The International Space Station (ISS)
SO015 Vast Vast and SpaceX Issue Joint Request for Research Proposals to Advance Long-Term Human Habitation in Space
SO016 Vast ESA and Vast signed a Memorandum of Understanding for future Vast space stations
SO017 Vast Vast's Haven-1 to be World's First Commercial Space Station Connected by SpaceX Starlink
SO018 Vast Vast Signs Agreement to Leverage International Space Station (ISS) National Lab
SO019 Vast Kris Young Joins Vast as Chief Operating Officer
SO020 Vast Vast Welcomes Space Policy Veteran Caryn Schenewerk as Chief Policy Officer
SO021 Vast Vast Welcomes Retired NASA Astronaut Megan McArthur as Astronaut Advisor
SO022 Vast Haven Demo Mission Complete: Successful Deorbit Validates Path to Haven-1 Haven Demo successfully completed a total of 49 test objectives and remained power positive for the duration of its flight. Vast is now the first operational commercial space station company to design, manufacture, fly, operate, and deorbit a spacecraft.
SO023 NASA Commercial Space Stations - NASA
SO024 City of Long Beach Vast Relocates Its Headquarters to 'Space Beach'
SO025 Beyond Earth Institute The Future of Commercial Space Stations: Key Issues in Commercial LEO Development and Policy Recommendations NASA's current timeline leaves open the possibility of a 'LEO station gap,' especially if the ISS retires before CLDs achieve operational service readiness.
SO026 Satellite Today Vast and Sierra Space Post New Funding Rounds
SO027 Vast Team — Vast
SO028 Vast Vast Expands into High-Power Satellite Buses, Leveraging In-House Space Station Technology
SO029 Vast Vast Opens Office in Houston, Texas
SO030 NASA NASA Helps with Progress on Vast's Haven-1 Commercial Space Station
SO031 Payload Space Payload Field Guide: Commercial LEO Destination
SO032 Vast Vast's Strategy to Achieve Continuous Human Presence in Low-Earth Orbit
SO033 Fast Company This entrepreneur made billions on crypto. His next frontier is outer space
SO034 Vast Vast Announces Deal with SpaceX to Launch Two Human Spaceflight Missions to the International Space Station
SM001 NASAWatch NASA Commercial LEO Space Stations Acquisition Strategy — CLD Phase 2 Directive (July 2025) On May 30, 2025, the President's Budget Request for FY2026 was released which included $272.3 million for FY2026 and $2.1 billion over the next 5 years for the development and deployment of new commercial space stations.
SM002 NASA NASA's Commercial Partners Continue Progress on New Space Stations
SM003 The Business Research Company Commercial Space Station Global Market Report
SM004 Business Research Insights Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Market Size, Growth and Forecast 2026–2035 Starting at USD 8.86 Billion in 2026, the global Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Market is set to witness notable growth. By 2035, it is projected to reach USD 35.21 Billion.
SM005 Market Reports World Low Earth Orbit Satellite Market Report 2026–2035 The global low-earth orbit satellite market size is predicted to reach USD 61674.57 Million by 2035 from USD 15718.52 Million in 2026.
SM006 Axiom Space Axiom Station
SM007 Starlab Space Starlab Space Station
SM008 Sierra Space Orbital Reef Space Station
SM009 Voyager Technologies Starlab Space Station — Voyager Voyager, leader of the Starlab Space Joint Venture, has been awarded $217+ million through a Space Act Agreement (SAA) with NASA.
SM010 Spaceflight Now Vast to complete Haven-1 primary structure in July 2025, ahead of target May 2026 launch date
SM011 Beyond Earth Institute The Future of Commercial Space Stations: Key Issues in Commercial LEO Development and Policy Recommendations The lack of a clear indemnification policy for on-orbit activities exposes firms to potential crippling liabilities beyond existing launch coverage.
SM012 NASA Commercial Space Stations — NASA
SM013 Payload Space Payload Field Guide: Commercial LEO Destination NASA officials said they don't believe a commercial business case exists yet in LEO.
SM014 Aerospace America (AIAA) Commercial station builders counter NASA's assessment of LEO market Agency officials said this alternative approach was spurred by concern there isn't enough demand to support the several stations in development.
SM015 Vast Space Vast Announces the Haven-1 Lab, the First Commercial Microgravity Research, Manufacturing, and Development Platform
SM016 Vast Space Vast and SpaceX Issue Joint Request for Research Proposals
SM017 Vast Space Vast's Strategy to Achieve Continuous Human Presence in Low Earth Orbit
SM018 Vast Space Vast Announces Haven-2, Its Proposed Space Station Designed to Succeed the ISS
SM019 Vast Space ESA and Vast Signed a Memorandum of Understanding for Future Vast Space Stations
SM020 NASA NASA Helps with Progress on Vast's Haven-1 Commercial Space Station
SM021 The Exploration Company Cargo Services — The Exploration Company
SM022 TechFunding News Vast Raises $500M to Build Next-Generation Space Stations
SM023 SatNews Vast Secures $500M in Series A and Debt Financing to Accelerate Commercial Space Station Production
SM024 CNBC Vast raises $500M to accelerate space station production ahead of NASA program
SM025 Space.com Vast gearing up to launch Haven-1 private space station in 2026
SP001 NASA NASA Sees Key Progress on Starlab Commercial Space Station Starlab recently completed a preliminary design and safety review of its station's architecture and systems. The company now will begin detailed design and hardware development, culminating in a critical design review later this year.
SP002 NASA NASA Sees Progress on Blue Origin's Orbital Reef Design Development A NASA-supported commercial space station, Blue Origin's Orbital Reef, recently completed a human-in-the-loop testing milestone as the agency works toward developing commercial space stations in low Earth orbit.
SP003 NASA NASA, Axiom Space Change Assembly Order of Commercial Space Station Under the company's new assembly sequence, the Payload, Power, and Thermal Module will launch to the orbiting laboratory first, allowing it to depart as early as 2028 and become a free-flying destination known as Axiom Station.
SP004 SpaceNews ESA signs agreement for potential use of Orbital Reef ESA announced at the Paris Air Show June 18 that it signed a memorandum of understanding with Thales Alenia Space and Blue Origin to study flying European payloads, and possibly astronauts, to the Orbital Reef commercial space station.
SP005 SpaceNews Starlab Space fully books commercial payload space on planned space station I am excited to share with you that Starlab's commercial payload capacity is fully reserved, providing early visibility into the future utilization and revenue potential of the station.
SP006 CompaniesMarketCap Rocket Lab (RKLB) - Market capitalization
SP007 CompaniesMarketCap Voyager Technologies (VOYG) - Market capitalization As of May 2026 Voyager Technologies has a market cap of $2.37 Billion USD.
SP008 Axiom Space Axiom Space Newsroom
SP009 NASAWatch NASA Commercial LEO Space Stations Acquisition Strategy Phase 1 also included two funded Space Act Agreements (SAAs) for the development of commercial free-flying destinations. These funded SAAs are with Blue Origin (in partnership with Sierra Space) and Starlab Space.
SP010 NASA Commercial Space Stations
SP011 NASA NASA's Commercial Partners Continue Progress on New Space Stations
SP012 Axiom Space Axiom Station The construction of the world's first commercial space station is underway. Following completing preliminary and critical design reviews in collaboration with NASA, our partners at Thales Alenia Space began welding and machining activities for the primary structures of Axiom Station's first module.
SP013 Starlab Space Starlab Space | A new era of space exploration has arrived
SP014 Sierra Space Orbital Reef | The New Space Station
SP015 Voyager Technologies Starlab Space Station | Voyager Voyager, leader of the Starlab Space Joint Venture, has been awarded $217+ million through a Space Act Agreement (SAA) with NASA.
SP016 Aerospace America Commercial station builders counter NASA's assessment of LEO market Agency officials said this alternative approach was spurred by concern there isn't enough demand to support the several stations in development.
SP017 Beyond Earth Institute The Future of Commercial Space Stations: Key Issues in Commercial LEO Development and Policy Recommendations
SP018 Payload Space Payload Field Guide: Commercial LEO Destination Vast is expecting to launch its Haven-1 space station in Q1 2027. The single-module station is aiming to initially host up to four commercial astronauts for two-week missions.
SP019 Fast Company This entrepreneur made billions on crypto. His next frontier is outer space
SP020 Spaceflight Now Vast to complete Haven-1 primary structure in July 2025, ahead of target May 2026 launch date
SP021 CNBC Vast wraps $500 million funding round as company vies for NASA space station contract
SP022 Satellite Today Vast and Sierra Space Post New Funding Rounds Sierra Space said their funding round brought their total capital investments to $2 billion since 2021 and their company valuation to $8 billion.
SP023 Vast Space Vast's Strategy to Achieve Continuous Human Presence in Low-Earth Orbit
SP024 Vast Space Vast Announces Haven-2, its Proposed Space Station Designed to Succeed the ISS
SP025 Vast Space Vast Advances Haven-1 into Integration Phase
SI001 Vast Space Vast Secures $500M in Funding to Accelerate Production of Haven Space Stations The latest financing includes $300 million in Series A equity and $200 million in debt to support the continued development of Vast's Haven space stations.
SI002 BusinessWire Vast Secures $500M in Funding to Accelerate Production of Haven Space Stations To date, more than $1 billion has been invested in Vast's space stations technologies and facilities.
SI003 Nikon Corporation Nikon Announces Investment in U.S.-based Vast, Inc. Nikon Corporation (Nikon) today announced that it has made an investment in Vast Inc. (Vast), based in Long Beach, California, United States, through the NFocus Fund.
SI004 Via Satellite / Satellite Today Vast and Sierra Space Post New Funding Rounds Vast secured $300 million in Series A equity and $200 million in debt financing, while Sierra Space received $550 million in Series C equity financing.
SI005 TechFundingNews $500M for Vast: Can living in space become routine?
SI006 SatNews Vast Secures $500M in Series A and Debt Financing to Accelerate Commercial Space Station Production
SI007 Forbes Cryptocurrency Billionaire's Space Startup In Talks For $2 Billion Valuation Vast, a startup trying to build the world's first commercial space station, is in talks to raise a $300 million funding round valuing the company at $2 billion.
SI008 Beyond Earth Institute The Future of Commercial Space Stations: Key Issues in Commercial LEO Development and Policy Recommendations "The lack of a clear indemnification policy for on-orbit activities exposes firms to potential crippling liabilities beyond existing launch coverage. Without congressional action to modernize the Commercial Space Launch Act or extended indemnification authority, insurance limitations could threaten both investor confidence, CLD program continuity and U.S. space leadership in LEO."
SI009 NASAWatch NASA Commercial LEO Space Stations Acquisition Strategy
SI010 Vast Space Vast Expands into High-Power Satellite Buses Vast Satellite has already secured its first sale: a confidential customer signed an agreement for four satellites, with an option to purchase up to 200 additional satellites.
SI011 CNBC Vast wraps $500 million funding round as company vies for NASA space station contract "'In our internal projections, in our fundraising and our business model, we have close to zero dollars for the LEO economy in the next five years.' 'We need to be profitable on the current market,' he said, which he described as NASA and other Western ISS partners."
SI012 Vast Space Vast Selected by NASA for Sixth Private Astronaut Mission to International Space Station Vast has signed an order with NASA for the sixth private astronaut mission to the International Space Station, targeted to launch no earlier than summer 2027.
SI013 Vast Space Vast Signs Agreement to Leverage International Space Station (ISS) National Lab
SI014 NASA NASA Commercial LEO Space Stations Acquisition Strategy – CLD Phase 2 Directive On May 30, 2025, the President's Budget Request (PBR) for FY2026 was released which included $272.3 million for FY2026 and $2.1 billion over the next 5 years for the development and deployment of new commercial space stations.
SI015 Payload Space Vast Secures $500M, Including $300M Series A
SI016 SpaceNews Vast raises $500 million for commercial space station development "Haot said that Vast was counting on NASA and other space agencies for much of the initial business for its space stations, rather than emerging markets like microgravity manufacturing or pharmaceutical research."
SI017 NASA FAQs: The International Space Station Transition Plan
SI018 ISS National Laboratory Commercialization of Space – How a NASA Initiative is Advancing the ISS NL Mission
SI019 Morningstar / BusinessWire Vast Expands into High-Power Satellite Buses (Morningstar wire)
SI020 Space Capital Space Investment Quarterly (Space IQ) – Q1 2026
SI021 SpaceflightNow Vast to complete Haven-1 primary structure in July 2025, ahead of target May 2026 launch date
SI022 Vast Space Vast's Strategy to Achieve Continuous Human Presence in Low-Earth Orbit
SI023 Vast Space Vast Announces Haven-2, Its Proposed Space Station Designed To Succeed the ISS
SI024 Fast Company This entrepreneur made billions on crypto. His next frontier is outer space
SI025 CNBC Vast wraps $500 million funding round as company vies for NASA space station contract
SI026 Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation (JAMSS) [Asia's First] JAMSS Becomes Partner for Vast's Commercial Space Station "Haven-1" Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation (JAMSS) has signed an agreement with Vast, to become the payload partner for the world's first commercial space station "Haven-1".
SE001 Vast Space Vast Passes Critical Haven-1 Test Milestone Haven-1 successfully passed its primary structure qualification proof test on the first attempt—a critical milestone in our journey.
SE002 Vast Space Haven Demo Mission Complete: Successful Deorbit Validates Path to Haven-1 Haven Demo successfully completed a total of 49 test objectives and remained power positive for the duration of its flight.
SE003 Vast Space Vast Advances Haven-1 Into Integration Phase Based on the current integration timeline, Vast is updating its schedule for Haven-1 to be ready to launch Q1 2027.
SE004 Vast Space Haven-1 Product Page
SE005 Vast Space Vast Unveils Its Final Haven-1 Space Station Design 10 Middeck Locker Equivalent (MLE) payload slots are available for innovations that support the progress of life on Earth.
SE006 Vast Space Vast's Haven-1 to be World's First Commercial Space Station Connected by SpaceX Starlink Vast's Haven-1, scheduled to be the world's first commercial space station, will be equipped with SpaceX's Starlink laser terminal providing Gigabit/s speed, low latency connectivity.
SE007 Vast Space Vast selects Impulse Space for Haven-1 Space Station Propulsion The Haven-1 propulsion system, designed and delivered by Impulse Space, will include Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters to augment resident control moment gyros and deorbit thrusters for end-of-life operations.
SE008 NASA NASA Helps with Progress on Vast's Haven-1 Commercial Space Station Testing confirmed the system can maintain a safe and healthy atmosphere for all planned Haven-1 mission phases.
SE009 Vast Space Vast Secures Agreement with NASA to Test Haven-1 Flight Vehicle at Armstrong Test Facility Haven-1 will undergo rigorous testing to verify its performance and reliability when exposed to environments it will experience during launch and on-orbit operations, including acoustics, vibration, electromagnetic interference, and thermal vacuum.
SE010 Vast Space Vast and SpaceX Issue Joint Request for Research Proposals to Advance Long-Term Human Habitation in Space
SE011 Vast Space Vast Announces Three Additional Payload Partners for the Haven-1 Lab: JAMSS, Interstellar Lab, and Exobiosphere The lab is on track for deployment in May 2026 and is already nearing full capacity.
SE012 Vast Space Vast and Cedars-Sinai Partner on Microgravity Science and Crew Health Vast and Cedars-Sinai will work together on a broad range of initiatives, including collaborative research and development in areas including stem cell and organoid research.
SE013 Vast Space Vast Expands into High-Power Satellite Buses, Leveraging In-House Space Station Technology and Proven Haven Demo Satellite Heritage Built around common in-house subsystems—including avionics, power, communications, propulsion, and flight software—Vast Satellite leverages technologies already developed for its Haven-1 space station, and validated through the successful Haven Demo mission in 2025.
SE014 Vast Space Vast signs with The Exploration Company for second Haven space station cargo services
SE015 Vast Space Vast Launches with Mission to Develop the World's First Artificial-Gravity Space Stations
SE016 Vast Space Vast Signs Agreement to Leverage International Space Station (ISS) National Lab
SE017 Vast Space Vast Selected by NASA for Sixth Private Astronaut Mission to International Space Station The Vast private astronaut mission crew is expected to spend up to 14 days aboard the space station.
SE018 Spaceflight Now Vast to complete Haven-1 primary structure in July 2025, ahead of target May 2026 launch date The company based in Long Beach, California, aims to launch its single-module Haven-1 space station on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket in May 2026.
SE019 Impulse Space Impulse Space — Saiph Thruster and Vehicle Overview
SE020 The Exploration Company The Exploration Company — Nyx Vehicle Overview
SE021 Interstellar Lab An Eden in Haven-1: Interstellar Lab Partners with Vast to Integrate its Plant Research Payload
SE022 Vast Space Vast Announces Haven-2, Its Proposed Space Station Designed to Succeed the International Space Station (ISS) If selected in 2026, Vast plans to have the first module of Haven-2, an evolved and NASA-certified version of Haven-1, fully operational in orbit by 2028.
SE023 Aerospace America (AIAA) Commercial station builders counter NASA's assessment of LEO market
SE024 PayloadSpace The Payload Field Guide to Commercial LEO Destinations
SE025 Vast Space Vast Announces the Haven-1 and Vast-1 Missions
SE026 DHV Technology Solar Panel Products for Space Applications — DHV Technology
SE027 Hacker News (via Algolia Search API) Hacker News community stories about Vast Space Station (developer discussion index)
SU001 Vast Space Haven-1 Lab — Product Page 8 MLE payload slots, up to 100W each, remotely commandable via Starlink
SU002 Yuri GmbH Yuri — Microgravity Services Homepage 61 customers on 4 continents, 151 space labs launched
SU003 Redwire Space Redwire Space — Homepage
SU004 Vast Space Haven-1 Lab Science RFP Eligibility
SU005 Vast Space Vast Expands to Japan, Appointing Naoko Yamazaki as General Manager of Vast Japan GK
SU006 Vast Space Giorgio Saccoccia Joins Vast as President Europe
SU007 ISS National Laboratory (CASIS) ISS National Laboratory — Homepage
SU008 Exobiosphere Exobiosphere — Homepage
SU009 Vast Space Vast Welcomes Retired NASA Astronaut Megan McArthur as Astronaut Advisor
SU010 Vast Space Vast and Cedars-Sinai Partner on Microgravity Science and Crew Health
SU011 JAMSS (Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation) JAMSS Becomes Asia's First Payload Partner for Vast's Haven-1 Lab Asia's first payload partner for Haven-1 Lab
SU012 Vast Space Vast Announces Three Additional Payload Partners for the Haven-1 Lab: JAMSS, Interstellar Lab, and Exobiosphere
SU013 Vast Space Vast Announces the Haven-1 Lab: The First Commercial Microgravity Research, Manufacturing, and Development Platform
SU014 Vast Space Vast Selected by NASA for Sixth Private Astronaut Mission to International Space Station
SU015 Vast Space ESA and Vast Signed a Memorandum of Understanding for Future Vast Space Stations
SU016 Vast Space Vast and SpaceX Issue Joint Request for Research Proposals to Advance Long-Term Human Habitation in Space
SU017 Vast Space Vast Signs Agreement to Leverage International Space Station National Lab
SU018 Vast Space Vast Announces Deal with SpaceX to Launch Two Human Spaceflight Missions to the International Space Station
SU019 NASA NASA's Commercial Partners Continue Progress on New Space Stations
SU020 Payload Space Vast Announces Haven-1 Payload Partners: JAMSS, Interstellar Lab, Exobiosphere
SU021 Payload Space Vast NASA Private Astronaut Mission Sixth
SU022 Spaceflight Now Vast Selected for Sixth Private Astronaut Mission to Space Station
SU023 Aerospace America (AIAA) Commercial Station Builders Counter NASA's Assessment of LEO Market NASA raised concerns about whether commercial LEO demand would be sufficient to support multiple station programs
SU024 Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Vast Space Collaboration — Cedars-Sinai Newsroom
SU025 ISS National Laboratory (CASIS) Vast Signs Strategic Agreement with ISS National Lab
SU026 Yuri GmbH ScienceTaxi — Yuri Microgravity Platform
SR001 Payload Space Vast Delays Haven-1 Launch to 2027 Haven-1, which was expected to launch in 2026, will now launch no earlier than Q1 2027—and it could be significantly longer before the station gets its first crew.
SR002 Universe Magazine Launch of Haven-1 station postponed until 2027
SR003 TechSpot / Ars Technica As NASA delays ISS replacement plans, Vast is pushing ahead with its own space station Haven-1's launch timeline has slipped from mid-2026 to the first quarter of 2027, a delay Haot described as the most realistic date Vast can 'confidently' meet.
SR004 SpaceNews NASA panel calls on SpaceX to 'maintain focus' on Dragon safety after recent anomalies Both NASA and SpaceX need to maintain focus on safe Crew Dragon operations and not take any 'normal' operations for granted.
SR005 Spaceflight Now SpaceX shifts away from Dragon launches at pad 39A as Starship looms
SR006 NASA Johnson Space Center Commercial Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Destination Contract (CLDC) – ON HOLD The CLDC acquisition is on hold. NASA has determined that, rather than moving forward at this time with a firm fixed price contract for CLD certification and services, NASA will continue to support U.S. industry's design and demonstration of CLDs with funded SAAs for the next phase.
SR007 SpaceNews NASA proposes new strategy for commercial space stations Though we have seen investor interest, there's no independently verifiable market research indicating the economic viability of a commercial station that is only partially funded by NASA.
SR008 SpaceNews NASA revises plans for commercial space station development The original path that we had laid out is fraught with a lot of high risks.
SR009 NASAWatch / NASA Acting Administrator NASA Directive on Revised CLD Phase 2 Acquisition Strategy (July 31, 2025) The Phase 2 CLD strategy was approved by the ASM Chair as a high-risk acquisition since the strategy would require a budget overguide. The ASM moved forward with a $4B budget shortfall.
SR010 Federal Aviation Administration Commercial Space Transportation – FAA August 14, 2025 marked the FAA's 1,000th operation of a commercial space vehicle that the agency licensed or permitted.
SR011 NASA Technical Reports Server (Marshall Space Flight Center / Vast) ECLSS Trace Contaminant Control Testing
SR012 New Space Economy Haven-1 and the Commercial Space Station Investment Case: What Nikon's Bet on Vast Tells Us
SR013 Wikipedia Haven-1
SR014 AutoEvolution Major Life Support System Component for Upcoming Space Station Passes Crucial Test
SR015 NASA Johnson Space Center C3DO – Commercial Destinations Development and Demonstration Objectives SAA
SR016 Vast Space Vast Advances Haven-1 Into Integration Phase
SR017 Spaceflight Now Vast to complete Haven-1 primary structure in July 2025, ahead of target May 2026 launch date
SR018 NASAWatch NASA Commercial LEO Space Stations Acquisition Strategy
SR019 Beyond Earth Institute Future of Commercial Space Stations (BE26 Report)
SR020 Vast Space Vast Selects Impulse Space for Haven-1 Space Station Propulsion
SR021 Payload Space Payload Field Guide: Commercial LEO Destination
SR022 Aerospace America (AIAA) Commercial station builders counter NASA's assessment of LEO market
SR023 Vast Space Vast Secures $500M in Funding to Accelerate Production of Haven Space Stations
SR024 Vast Space Vast Announces Haven-2, Its Proposed Space Station to Succeed the ISS
SR025 Fast Company The cryptocurrency billionaire who wants to build a space station to replace the ISS
SR026 NASA FAQs: The International Space Station Transition Plan
SR027 CNBC Vast raises $500 million and counts on NASA for its space station ambitions
SR028 NASA Commercial Space Stations – NASA Human Space Exploration
SR029 Vast Space Vast Secures Agreement with NASA to Test Haven-1 at Armstrong Test Facility
SR030 SpaceNews Vast raises $500 million for commercial space station development
SV001 Vast Space Vast Secures $500M in Funding to Accelerate Production of Haven Space Stations Vast has secured $500M in funding, including $300M in equity and $200M in debt, to accelerate production of Haven space stations.
SV002 BusinessWire Vast Secures $500M in Funding to Accelerate Production of Haven Space Stations The round was led by Balerion Space Ventures, with participation from IQT, Qatar Investment Authority, Mitsui, MUFG, and Nikon Corporation.
SV003 Forbes Cryptocurrency Billionaire's Space Startup In Talks For $2 Billion Valuation Vast Space is in talks to raise money at a $2 billion valuation, led by Balerion Space Ventures.
SV004 SpaceNews Vast raises $500 million for commercial space station development
SV005 CNBC Vast wraps $500 million funding round as company vies for NASA space station contract
SV006 Payload Space Vast secures $500M, including $300M Series A
SV007 NASA NASA Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development Program Phase 2 Directive The CLD Program will allocate $2.1 billion over five years for commercial LEO destination development.
SV008 Beyond Earth Institute The Future of Commercial Space Stations: Key Issues in Commercial LEO Development and Policy Recommendations The absence of a defined mission-authorization regime and unresolved indemnification frameworks could threaten investor confidence and programme continuity.
SV009 Space Capital Space Investment Quarterly (SpaceIQ)
SV010 Via Satellite / Satellite Today Vast and Sierra Space Post New Funding Rounds Sierra Space said their funding round brought their total capital investments to $2 billion since 2021 and their company valuation to $8 billion.
SV011 New Space Economy Haven-1 and the Commercial Space Station Investment Case: What Nikon's Bet on Vast Tells Us The commercial space station investment case rests on a market that must develop rather than one that demonstrably exists.
SV012 TechFundingNews $500M for Vast: Can living in space become routine?
SV013 SatNews Vast Secures $500M in Series A and Debt Financing to Accelerate Commercial Space Station Production
SV014 Nikon Corporation Nikon Announces Investment in U.S.-based Vast, Inc.
SV015 Axiom Space Axiom Station
SV016 CompaniesMarketCap Rocket Lab (RKLB) Market capitalization history
SV017 CompaniesMarketCap Voyager Technologies (VOYG) Market capitalization history
SV018 Payload Space Payload Field Guide: Commercial LEO Destinations
SV019 NASAWatch NASA Commercial LEO Space Stations Acquisition Strategy
SV020 Vast Space Vast Expands into High-Power Satellite Buses
SV021 Vast Space Vast Selected by NASA for Sixth Private Astronaut Mission to International Space Station
SV022 Fast Company This crypto billionaire wants to replace the International Space Station
SV023 Balerion Space Ventures Balerion Space Ventures | Invest in Space Innovation Balerion Space Ventures harnesses the final frontier to build humanity's next generation of critical infrastructure.
SV024 Rocket Lab USA Investor Relations | Rocket Lab Corporation
SV025 Rocket Lab USA Rocket Lab Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2025 Financial Results Rocket Lab delivered record quarterly revenue of $180 million, which brought our full year revenue to a record $602 million, representing 38% growth year on year.
SV026 Axiom Space Human Spaceflight | Axiom Space
SV027 CompaniesMarketCap AST SpaceMobile (ASTS) Market capitalization history
SV028 CompaniesMarketCap Redwire (RDW) Market capitalization history
SV029 CompaniesMarketCap Planet Labs (PL) Market capitalization history
SV030 CompaniesMarketCap Spire Global (SPIR) Market capitalization history