Kalshi
先发者,地基脆弱:Kalshi 以 $22B 押注联邦优先管辖
Kalshi 的 CFTC 监管护城河和爆发式收入曲线都真实存在,但 $22B Series F 价格已经计入体育事件合约的有利法律结局;公开证据尚未支持这一点,因此估值偏高,在关键诉讼催化剂落地前更适合继续研究。
封面要素
公司概况
Kalshi(KalshiEX LLC)总部位于纽约,是一家 CFTC 指定合约市场,也是美国唯一为零售二元事件合约专门搭建并获得联邦许可的交易所。公司由 MIT 同学 Tarek Mansour(CEO)和 Luana Lopes Lara(COO)于 2018 年创立,拿到 DCM 资格前花了两年多做监管准备,2020 年 11 月获批,2021 年 7 月公开上线。交易所让用户交易二元 yes/no 合约——价格在 $0.01–$0.99 之间,结算为 $1.00 或 $0.00——标的覆盖体育、宏观经济指标(CPI、美联储决议)、政治、天气和娱乐等结果。2024 年 9 月,Kalshi 在选举合约案中赢得 D.C. Circuit 里程碑式胜诉;2025 年 5 月,CFTC 撤回上诉,增长阀门随之打开:2025 年费用收入达到 $263.5 million,据报道到 2026 年 3 月年化收入运行率已达 $1.5 billion。截至 2026 年 5 月,Kalshi 在至少六轮机构融资中累计融资约 $2.8 billion,报道估值为 $22 billion,注册用户超过 5 million,并通过 Robinhood(占日成交量 25–35%)、Webull 和机构平台分发。平台同时承受多线法律压力:2025 年约 89% 收入来自体育事件合约,而这一品类已在至少七个州遭挑战;Kalshi 还面对 Arizona 刑事控告、联邦集体诉讼(Brown v. Kalshi)、部落诉讼,以及十多项瞄准该品类的国会法案。
- 成立时间
- 2018-01-01
- 创始人
- Tarek Mansour, Luana Lopes Lara
- 创立地点
- New York, NY, USA
- 总部
- New York, NY, USA
- 产品
- 围绕体育、宏观经济、政治、天气和娱乐结果的二元事件合约(yes/no 份额价格 $0.01–$0.99,结算为 $1.00/$0.00);可通过网页、移动端、REST/WebSocket API(v3.19.0,公开 OpenAPI/AsyncAPI 规范和 Python SDK)访问,也嵌入 Robinhood 与 Webull 的券商流程;2025 年 5 月推出的 Market Maker Program 引入了机构流动性提供方。
- 客户
- 服务零售交易者、体育结果预测者、宏观经济套保者、算法开发者、机构做市商,以及嵌入式券商用户;这些用户寻求在美国及 140 多个国际市场获得受 CFTC 监管的事件合约敞口。
- 商业模式
- 纯交易所中介模式,向市场两端按合约收取交易费;不与用户对赌;没有订阅或会员收入;隐含抽佣率约为名义成交额的 0.53%;平台激励与交易流动性绑定,而不是方向性风险。
- 阶段
- Late-stage private (Series F)
- 融资情况
- 至少六轮机构融资累计约 $2.8B;最近一轮据报道为 2026 年 3 月由 Coatue Management 领投的约 $1B Series F,投后估值 $22B(截至运行日期,公司官方新闻稿尚未确认)。早期轮次包括:Series A(约 $30M,Sequoia 领投,2021 年)、Series C($185M,估值 $2B,Paradigm 领投,2025 年 6 月)、Series D($300M,估值 $5B,Sequoia + a16z,2025 年 8 月)、Series E($1B,估值 $11B,Paradigm 领投,2025 年 12 月)。
执行摘要
主要优势
- Kalshi 手里握着几乎不可复制的美国监管资产:唯一一个专为零售事件合约打造、并获 CFTC 指定的 DCM。这个护城河靠两年多监管推进和 2024 年标志性法院胜诉搭起来,竞争对手要复制也需要多年。
- 收入曲线异常陡峭:2025 年手续费收入 $263.5M,约九个月后据称已升至 $1.5B 年化运行率,是近年金融科技领域最快的收入爬坡之一,背后是同比超过 1,000% 的交易量增长。
- Robinhood 分销合作估计贡献 25–35% 的日交易量,大幅压低获客成本,也加速进入主流零售人群;Webull 合作和机构渠道(Tradeweb、Clear Street)进一步分散渠道风险。
- CFTC 联邦优先权已在巡回法院层面胜出(D.C. Circuit 的选举合约案;Third Circuit 在 2026 年 4 月的体育合约案),即便各州战线仍在继续,Kalshi 对抗州博彩监管仍有可信法律基础。
- 超过 5M 用户、121,000+ 个 iOS 评分且均分 4.7 星、进入 140 多个国家,再加上机构做市商参与,证明其在多个客户分层中跑通了产品市场匹配,也验证了交易所级基础设施逻辑。
主要风险
- 2025 年约 89% 手续费收入来自体育事件合约,而这类合约已在至少七个州遭挑战;一波州禁令、不利联邦立法,或最高法院受理并走向不利结果,都可能抹掉 Kalshi 大部分收入基础,把内在价值压到 $1–3B 的悲观情景区间。
- 公司累计融资 $2.8B,却未披露经审计财务、EBITDA 利润率或现金跑道;$1.5B 运行率缺少一手来源核验,六轮估值持续上行的机构融资带来多少优先权包袱仍未知,员工数六个月内从约 70 人增至 494 人的成本也无法量化。
- Robinhood 分销集中度高:约 25–35% 日交易量来自单一合作方,而收入分成、排他条款和终止触发条件均未披露。这造成二元执行风险,也留下信息缺口,使分销飞轮的耐久性无法充分承销。
- Arizona 刑事起诉书、Brown v. Kalshi 联邦集体诉讼、部落诉讼,以及众议院监督 / 金融服务委员会对 KYC 和交易监控做法的调查,给州优先权战线之外又添上结算完整性、平台运营和声誉风险。
- 关键人物集中风险很高:CEO Tarek Mansour 几乎代表了 Kalshi 的监管叙事、投资者关系和公众形象;法律复杂度最高、招聘又快速推进时,一旦领导层意外离任,稳定性会受到实质冲击。
未决问题
- 经审计 FY2025 财务和 Q1 2026 管理账均未公开;没有这些数据,EBITDA 利润率、现金跑道,以及六个月内从约 70 人扩到 494 人对运营成本的影响都无法评估。
- 六轮估值持续上行的机构融资中,优先股堆叠、清算瀑布和每股普通股价值均未披露;$2.8B 优先权包袱意味着无法计算 $22B 估值下普通股的内在价值。
- Robinhood 合作经济条款——收入分成比例、排他期限和终止触发条件——均未公开,主分销渠道的耐久性无法验证。
- 体育合约收入的地域分布(按州和合约类型)未披露;要测算悲观情景收入冲击,必须知道体育博彩前十州里哪些最直接暴露于持续禁令或立法封禁。
- 事件合约是否受联邦规则优先、从而压过州博彩法,最高法院层面尚未定局;待决的 Third Circuit 上诉结果和任何最高法院受理决定,仍是决定乐观或悲观情景胜出的近端二元催化剂。
目录
01公司概况
1.1 身份、总部与商业模式
Kalshi 以 KalshiEX LLC 注册,是一家总部位于 New York, New York(594 Broadway)的金融交易所。公司由 Tarek Mansour 和 Luana Lopes Lara 于 2018 年创立;两人是 MIT 同学,在攻读量化金融相关学位时相识。Kalshi 将自己的使命描述为,把现实世界事件结果做成一个独立的受监管资产类别,从而建设“地球上最重要的金融市场”。Kalshi 参加了 Y Combinator 2019 年冬季批次,随后花了两年多做监管准备,2020 年 11 月获得美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)的指定合约市场(DCM)资格——这使它成为美国第一家专门为事件合约搭建、并获得完整联邦监管认可的交易所。平台于 2021 年 7 月公开上线。 产品核心是事件合约:一种二元工具,其价值反映市场对某个现实世界事件发生概率的估计,价格在 $0.01 到 $0.99 之间,到期结算为 $1.00 或 $0.00。市场类别包括美国宏观经济指标(CPI、美联储利率决议、GDP)、政治和选举结果、体育赛果、天气事件、娱乐,以及加密货币里程碑。Kalshi 作为受监管交易所,通过每笔交易收取手续费赚钱;不同于体育博彩平台,它不与用户对赌。截至 2026 年 5 月,Kalshi 仍是美国唯一专注事件合约的联邦许可 DCM,法律框架与 CME Group 和 Cboe 相同,但产品集——与事件挂钩的二元互换——此前没有既有交易所面向零售参与者重点推进。2025 年 10 月,Kalshi 扩展至 140 多个国家,同时限制 Canada、United Kingdom、France 等 38 个司法辖区。 [CO001, CO002, CO003, CO004, CO005, CO006]
| 指标 | 数值 / 状态 | 日期 | 置信度 | 缺口 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 成立时间 | 2018 | 2018 | 高 | |
| 总部 | New York, NY(594 Broadway) | 2026-05-24 | 高 | |
| 监管状态 | CFTC 指定合约市场(DCM) | 2026-05-24 | 高 | |
| 最新披露估值(USD B) | 22 | 2026-03 | 中 | 由 WSJ / Fintech Global 报道;截至运行日期,未在公司官方新闻稿中确认。 |
| 已知累计融资额(USD B) | 2.6 | 2026-03 | 中 | 约 $2.6B 包括披露的 2026 年 3 月融资;轮后精确总额未确认。 |
| 2025 年手续费收入(USD M) | 263.5 | 2025-12-31 | 中 | |
| 收入 run rate(USD B,2026 年初) | ~1.5 | 2026-03 | 低 | 单一二手来源估算;公司未公开确认。 |
| 注册用户 | >5 million | 2026-03 | 中 | |
| 每周交易量 | >$1 billion | 2025-12 | 中 | |
| 累计事件合约交易量(USD B) | 52 | 2026-03 | 中 | |
| 员工人数 | 467–500 | 2026-04 | 低 | 来自第三方人力资源数据库;公司未确认。 |
| ARR / 毛利率 / NRR | 低 | 私营公司;财务细节未公开披露。需要资料室访问权限。 | ||
| 创始人持股 | 低 | 股权结构表未公开。只能从早期估值做部分推断。 |
所有财务和规模指标均来自公开报道和第三方数据库。空值单元格表示没有公开来源;低置信度单元格反映单一二手来源或外推。Kalshi 尚未发布审计财报。
[CO001, CO002, CO003, CO028, CO029, CO031]Kalshi 的业务系统把联邦监管身份、产品、分发和资本连在一起;州法律风险则成为横贯全业务的结构性约束。
[CO003, CO006, CO007, CO028, CO037, CO038]公开资料可支撑的 Kalshi 指标显示,这是一家高速增长的私营公司,交易量和估值轨迹突出,但公开确认的财务细节有限。
Yahoo Finance(2026 年初)给出的 ~$1.5B 年化营收因单一且置信度低而排除。所有数字都是公开来源参考点,不是审计数据。
[CO028, CO031, CO033, CO036, CO019, CO029]1.2 创始人、领导层与治理
Tarek Mansour(联合创始人兼 CEO)和 Luana Lopes Lara(联合创始人兼 COO)都是第一代移民——Mansour 来自 Algeria,Lopes Lara 来自 Brazil——两人在 MIT 攻读数学相关学位时相识。联合创立 Kalshi 前,Mansour 曾在 Goldman Sachs 和 Citadel Securities 担任量化岗位;Lopes Lara 曾在 Bridgewater Associates 和 Citadel Securities 工作。两人的衍生品和量化金融背景,让他们直接理解搭建交易所而非消费应用所需的监管环境和技术基础设施。 Lopes Lara 被认为主导了 2023 年 11 月就 CFTC 拒绝选举市场起诉该机构的决定。此前董事会持续反对,建议创始人近两年都把重点放在其他产品上,她推动团队越过了这种阻力。2025 年,Lopes Lara 被评为全球最年轻的白手起家女性亿万富豪。两位创始人仍担任执行运营角色,没有领导层交接迹象。关键人物集中风险很高:战略、监管关系、资本获取和公众叙事都经过两位联合创始人,尤其是作为 CEO 的 Mansour 最为可见。 除联合创始人外,公开可查的高管团队还包括 Richard Heaslip(总法律顾问兼首席监管官)、Joshua Beardsley(首席合规官)和 Max Crowley(业务发展副总裁)。董事会构成并未完全公开;投资者来源确认 Paradigm 和 Sequoia Capital 基于多轮领投位置拥有董事会席位。CNBC 与 Kalshi 存在商业关系,包括获客合作和少数股权投资,这削弱了 CNBC 作为来源的部分独立性。包含独立董事的完整董事会名单尚未在公开来源中确认,是一个开放尽调项。 [CO011, CO012, CO013, CO014, CO015, CO016]
| 人物 | 职务 | 背景 | 创始人-市场匹配或职能覆盖 | 关键人物依赖 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tarek Mansour | 联合创始人兼 CEO | MIT;曾任 Goldman Sachs、Citadel Securities;原籍阿尔及利亚 | 战略、监管叙事、融资、媒体;主要公共面孔 | 高 |
| Luana Lopes Lara | 联合创始人兼 COO | MIT;曾任 Bridgewater Associates、Citadel Securities;原籍巴西 | 监管战略(主导决定起诉 CFTC)、运营、量化纪律 | 高 |
| Richard Heaslip | 总法律顾问兼首席监管官 | 法律 / 监管;负责 CFTC 合规和州层面诉讼姿态 | 监管风险管理与合规覆盖 | 中 |
| Joshua Beardsley | 首席合规官 | 合规监督;管理内幕交易纪律处分项目 | 市场诚信和 CFTC 要求的交易所合规职责 | 中 |
| Max Crowley | 业务发展副总裁 | 业务发展;券商和媒体合作伙伴关系 | 分发以及机构 / 零售合作伙伴扩张 | 中 |
| Paradigm 和 Sequoia 董事会代表 | 投资者董事席位(姓名未公开确认) | 多轮融资领投方;财务和战略监督 | 资本、治理托底和退出决策 | 中 |
这里只列出公开具名高管和已确认的投资者董事会代表。完整董事会名单、独立董事身份和完整组织架构图无法从公开来源获得。
[CO011, CO012, CO014, CO015, CO016, CO020]1.3 融资历史、估值与投资者
2024 年选举合约案胜诉后,Kalshi 的资本形成在 2025 年急剧提速。公司 2025 年 6 月完成 $185 million Series C,估值 $2 billion;随后 2025 年 8 月完成并于 10 月宣布 $300 million Series D,估值 $5 billion;2025 年 12 月完成 $1 billion Series E,估值 $11 billion;据报道,2026 年 3 月又由 Coatue Management 领投约 $1 billion,估值 $22 billion。按 Crunchbase 数据,Series E 使 Kalshi 已知累计融资超过 $1.6 billion;按 Yahoo Finance 和 Tracxn($2.8 billion)报道,2026 年 3 月一轮将累计融资推过 $2.5 billion。 2025 年前,Kalshi 已通过早期轮次融资约 $230 million,包括 Y Combinator 加速器投资(2019 年)、种子延展轮,以及 2021 年 2 月由 Sequoia Capital 领投、Charles Schwab、Henry Kravis、SV Angel、Neo 和 Y Combinator 参投的约 $30 million Series A。Paradigm 是最稳定的领投方,出现在 Series C 和 Series E。Sequoia Capital 与 Andreessen Horowitz 共同领投 Series D,并继续参与 Series E。其他知名投资者包括 CapitalG(Google/Alphabet 的成长基金)、ARK Invest、IVP、Meritech Capital、Anthos Capital、Coinbase Ventures、Multicoin Capital、Spark Capital 和 General Catalyst。Charles Schwab 与投资人 Henry Kravis 是早期支持者。截至 2026 年 5 月,Kalshi 仍为私有公司,未宣布 IPO 计划;完整股权结构表,包括创始人持股和老股交易,均未公开披露。 [CO022, CO023, CO024, CO025, CO026, CO027]
| 利益相关方 | 轮次 / 角色 | 控制权或经济重要性 | 尽调问题 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paradigm | 领投 — Series C($185M,2025-06)和 Series E($1B,2025-12) | 已识别的最大单一投资者;可能有董事会代表;加密原生 VC | 确认董事席位、持股比例、治理权、按比例跟投额度 |
| Sequoia Capital | 领投 — Series D(共同领投,2025-10);Series C、E 共同投资方 | 多轮承诺;高知名度机构信号 | 确认持股比例;评估与创始人在董事会上的关系 |
| Andreessen Horowitz(a16z,投资方) | 领投 — Series D(共同领投,2025-10);Series E 共同投资方 | Web3 / fintech 论点契合;机构信号 | 确认持股;评估是否存在加密原生产品联动 |
| Coatue Management | 领投 — Series F / 最新轮(约 $1B,2026-03) | 最近一轮 $22B 估值领投;对冲基金式成长投资者 | 确认交割条款;评估二级定价 vs. 一级定价 |
| CapitalG (Alphabet) | Series D 和 E 共同投资方 | Google/Alphabet 背景;数据和分发可选性 | 评估与 Google 是否有数据共享或产品合作 |
| Y Combinator | 加速器(2019 冬季批次);多轮共同投资方 | 第一家机构支持者;声誉锚点;持续 LP 参与 | 确认稀释后当前持股 |
| 投资方:Meritech Capital、IVP、ARK Invest、Anthos Capital | Series E 共同投资方 | 增长型和主题 VC 的多元机构支持 | 评估治理权和董事会控制集中度 |
| Charles Schwab | 天使 / 战略 — Series A(2021) | 券商巨头;战略分发信号 | 评估是否有商业整合或转介协议 |
| Henry Kravis | 天使 — Series A(2021) | KKR 联合创始人;金融服务品牌信号 | 无已知董事席位;评估持续关系 |
| CNBC (NBCUniversal) | 商业合作伙伴 + 少数股权投资者 | 媒体分发;播出概率数据;报道利益冲突标记 | 确认股权条款;评估排他性或有利报道义务 |
轮次金额和投资者参与情况来自新闻公告和投资者数据库。确切持股比例、投票权和二级市场活动并不公开。截至运行日期,Kalshi 尚未正式确认 Coatue 轮条款。
[CO022, CO023, CO024, CO025, CO026, CO027]1.4 规模指标、里程碑与不利事件
Kalshi 的运营指标体现出一个直接绑定 2024 年选举合约法律胜利的拐点。到 2025 年 12 月,周交易量突破 $1 billion,同比增长超过 1,000%;2025 年年化成交量预计为 $50 billion,累计事件合约成交量到 2026 年 3 月超过 $52 billion。公司报告 2025 全年费用收入 $263.5 million;据报道,到 2026 年初收入运行率接近 $1.5 billion。2025 年收入约 89% 来自体育合约。到 2026 年初,注册用户超过 5 million。2026 年 3–5 月员工数约为 467–500。2025 年 3 月平台接入后,Robinhood 用户估计贡献 Kalshi 日交易量的 25–35%。TIME 将 Kalshi 列入 2026 年“100 家最具影响力公司”榜单。 Kalshi 的里程碑时间线同样由法律逆风和产品上线共同定义。2026 年 3 月,Arizona 对 Kalshi 提出 20 项刑事控告——这是任何 CFTC 注册预测市场运营商遭遇的首起刑事起诉——指控其经营非法赌博业务。2026 年 5 月,一名联邦法官发布初步禁令,认定 Kalshi 合约很可能符合联邦法下的互换定义,从而阻止了该起诉。2026 年 4 月 6 日,Third Circuit Court of Appeals 维持 CFTC 对体育相关事件合约的排他性管辖权,这是该问题上的首个联邦上诉判决。2026 年 4 月 2 日,CFTC 起诉 Arizona、Connecticut 和 Illinois,以支持联邦优先管辖。截至 2026 年 5 月,Kalshi 在至少八个州面对进行中的诉讼或执法行动。另自 2026 年 1 月以来,十多项针对预测市场的国会法案已被提出。Kalshi 合规团队还因交易员利用自身选举候选身份进行内幕交易而采取纪律处分;2026 年 2 月,CFTC 发布史上首份预测市场内幕交易执法提示,并点名 Kalshi 纪律案例。 [CO031, CO032, CO033, CO034, CO035, CO036]
| 日期 | 事件 | 类型 | 金额 / 估值 / 状态 | 参与方 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Kalshi 由 Mansour 和 Lopes Lara 创立 | 成立 | 创始人:Tarek Mansour、Luana Lopes Lara | 公司起源基准事实;截至运行日期,两位创始人仍担任高管 | |
| 2019-W1 | Y Combinator 2019 冬季批次;种子融资 | 融资 | ~$2M 种子轮(含 YC 加速器) | Y Combinator | 首个机构支持者;确立早期监管意图 |
| 2020-11 | CFTC 向 KalshiEX LLC 授予 DCM 指定 | 监管 | CFTC, Kalshi | 首家获得 DCM 资格的美国事件合约交易所;核心护城河 | |
| 2021-02 | Series A 完成交割 | 融资 | ~$30M,估值未披露 | Sequoia Capital(领投)、Charles Schwab、Henry Kravis、SV Angel、Neo、YC | 确立 Sequoia 长期领投方地位;带来券商 / 金融服务信号 |
| 2021-07 | 公开平台上线 | 产品 | 美国首批可在联邦监管交易所交易的零售事件合约 | ||
| 2022-08 | CFTC 暂停 Kalshi 政治事件合约并启动审查 | 监管 | CFTC | 定义公司的两年选举合约之争开启 | |
| 2023-09 | CFTC 否决选举合约;Kalshi 起诉 CFTC(2023 年 11 月) | 监管 | CFTC, Kalshi | Kalshi 挑战的不利监管裁决;启动关键诉讼 | |
| 2024-09 | D.C. 地区法院作出有利 Kalshi 的选举合约简易判决 | 监管 | 相关方:U.S. District Court(D.C.)、CFTC、Kalshi | 确立支持选举市场的法律先例;2024 年 10 月政治合约上线 | |
| 2025-03 | Robinhood 基于 Kalshi 基础设施推出预测中心 | 合作 | Robinhood, Kalshi | 接入后,Kalshi 日交易量的 25-35% 归因于 Robinhood 用户 | |
| 2025-05 | CFTC 撤回对选举合约裁决的上诉 | 监管 | CFTC | 联邦层面最终移除选举合约障碍;锁定监管胜利 | |
| 2025-06 | Series C 以 $2B 估值完成交割 | 融资 | $185M;投后 $2B | Paradigm(领投)、Sequoia、Multicoin、Neo、Bond Capital、Peng Zhao | 首次达到独角兽里程碑;催化后续快速融资 |
| 2025-10 | Series D 完成交割;宣布全球扩张至 140+ 个国家 | 融资 | $300M;投后 $5B | Sequoia(共同领投)、a16z(共同领投)、Paradigm、CapitalG、Coinbase Ventures、GC、Spark | 四个月估值上跳 150%;首次国际市场启动 |
| 2025-12 | Series E 以 $11B 估值完成交割 | 融资 | $1B;投后 $11B | Paradigm(领投)、Sequoia、a16z、Meritech、IVP、ARK、Anthos、CapitalG、YC | 确认 $1B 周交易量;平台瞄准下一个 100M 用户 |
| 2026-03 | 亚利桑那州对 Kalshi 提交 20 项刑事起诉书 | 不利 | 亚利桑那州总检察长, Kalshi | 首起针对 CFTC 注册预测市场运营商的刑事起诉;重大不利里程碑 | |
| 2026-03 | 最新轮(约 $1B)以 $22B 估值披露 | 融资 | ~$1B;投后 $22B | Coatue Management(领投)、Sequoia、a16z、IVP、Paradigm、ARK、Morgan Stanley | 估值较一年前基线增长五倍;总融资超过 $2.5B |
| 2026-04 | 第三巡回法院维持 CFTC 独占管辖权;CFTC 起诉 AZ、CT、IL | 监管 | 相关方:Third Circuit、CFTC、Kalshi、New Jersey | 首次联邦上诉胜利;CFTC 升级联邦优先权攻势 | |
| 2026-04 | TIME 100 Most Influential Companies 2026 上榜 | 规模 | TIME | 主流认可;品牌和文化可信度里程碑 | |
| 2026-05 | 联邦法官批准初步禁令,阻止亚利桑那州刑事案件 | 监管 | 相关方:U.S. District Court(D. Ariz.)、Kalshi、Arizona | 将 TRO 转为禁令;认定合约很可能属于 CFTC 监管的互换合约 |
融资轮次日期按报道中的公告日或交割日记录;部分轮次在公开宣布前数周已经完成。负面里程碑反映后来在联邦层面被禁止令挡下的州行动;法律结果列会在适用处注明。
[CO001, CO004, CO005, CO017, CO022, CO024]Kalshi 的历史从 2018 年受监管市场构想开始,穿过长期 CFTC 斗争,在 2025 年进入爆发式融资周期,并在 2026 年迎来法律与立法压力汇合。
Series D 和 2026 年 3 月轮次的交割日期基于公开报道,可能与实际法律交割日期相差数天到数周。
[CO001, CO004, CO005, CO022, CO024, CO026]1.5 图表与证据
02市场分析
2.1 市场边界与定义
受 CFTC 监管的美国事件合约市场,在结构上不同于美国其他任何下注或交易产品。Kalshi 根据《Commodity Exchange Act》作为指定合约市场(DCM)运营,发行价格在 $0.01–$0.99 之间的二元合约,并根据现实世界结果结算为 $0 或 $1。买卖双方以市场出清价格彼此交易;Kalshi 收费但不与用户对赌——这就是它与体育博彩平台的根本差异。 2018 年 PASPA 废除后,美国受监管体育博彩由州博彩委员会管理,采用固定赔率定价,体育博彩平台设定赔率并与投注者持有相反头寸。尽管两者服务的买方意图有重叠——预测体育结果——但两个市场运行在不同监管框架、不同收费模式和不同经济结构下。AGA 2025 年 $78.72B 商业博彩总收入(GGR)数字不包括事件合约成交量,因为按州法,事件合约并不是商业博彩产品。 Polymarket 是按估计成交量计算最大的预测市场,它没有美国监管实体,使用 USDC 加密抵押品,并采用自动化做市商模型。ForecastEx 于 2024 年 6 月注册为 CFTC DCM,是唯一与 Kalshi 具备同等监管地位的直接结构性竞争者。iGaming 产品(在线老虎机和桌面游戏)在州博彩牌照下运营,完全独立于 CFTC 管辖。CME 等传统金融衍生品交易所与 Kalshi 共享 DCM 监管框架,但买方画像、合约结构和规模不同——2026 年 4 月,仅 CME 利率产品的日均成交额就超过 $14T。[CM001, CM002, CM003, CM004, CM005, CM006]
| 细分市场 | 市场机制 | 2024/2025 规模 | 监管框架 | 与 Kalshi 的关系 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CFTC 监管的美国事件合约 | 买卖双方撮合的二元合约;无庄家头寸;到期按 $0/$1 结算 | 无独立 GGR;Kalshi 代理指标:$263.5M 手续费收入(2025) | CFTC 指定合约市场(DCM);《商品交易法》 | Kalshi 核心市场 |
| 美国受监管体育博彩 | 固定赔率体育博彩平台;运营商与投注者对赌;州发牌 | GGR $13.78B(2024);+24.8% YoY;投注额 $149.90B | 州博彩委员会;DOJ Wire Act 指引 | 体育赛果预测的相邻替代品 |
| 美国 iGaming(在线赌场) | 庄家优势游戏(老虎机、桌游);州发牌 | GGR $8.41B(2024);+28.7% YoY | 州博彩委员会 | 相邻市场;产品结构和买方动机不同 |
| 美国商业博彩(总计) | 所有州发牌博彩,包括线下和线上 | GGR $78.72B(2025);+9.2% YoY | 州博彩委员会 | 最宽的相邻背景;按定义排除事件合约 |
| 未受监管的全球预测市场 | Crypto AMM;USDC 抵押;无美国监管实体 | Polymarket 估算 $3B+ 月交易量(2026 est.) | 美国境内无(离岸 / 加密原生) | 未受监管替代品和结构性竞争参照 |
| 传统金融衍生品(美国) | 交易所交易的商品和股票期货、期权 | CME ADV $14.6T(利率);$1.6T(股指)(2026 年 4 月) | CFTC/SEC;与 Kalshi 共享 DCM/DCO 框架 | 规模大得多的结构类比;买方和底层资产不同 |
博彩细分市场的规模数字是 GGR,衍生品是名义 ADV,两者不是可直接比较的经济指标。事件合约交易量($50B 年化)是交易名义额,不是 GGR。Kalshi 手续费收入($263.5M)是目前最接近 CFTC 监管美国事件合约市场的经济代理指标。Polymarket 月交易量是行业估算,没有一手披露。
[CM001, CM002, CM003, CM004, CM005, CM006]2.2 市场规模估算与限制
没有独立分析师把美国 CFTC 监管事件合约作为独立市场发布过专门 TAM。Grand View Research、Mordor Intelligence 和 Fortune Business Insights 的全球预测市场报告,把全球受监管和未受监管平台混在一起,因此不能可靠代表 Kalshi 的具体市场。现有最相关的规模证据来自代理基准:相邻市场规模、Kalshi 自身披露指标,以及估值隐含假设。 美国受监管体育博彩市场是体育合约交易最接近的替代品:2024 年在 $149.90B 投注额上产生 $13.78B GGR,较 2023 年 $11.04B 同比增长 24.8%。美国 iGaming 2024 年新增 $8.41B GGR(同比 +28.7%)。这些数字确认了 2024 年美国相邻博彩收入池超过 $22B。Kalshi 2025 年费用收入 $263.5M、年化成交量超过 $50B,隐含有效抽佣率约为 0.5%,明显低于体育博彩平台 5–7% 的运营利润率。 Kalshi 2026 年 3 月 $22B 估值隐含 84x 收入倍数——这是一个极端溢价,定价了显著的未来市场扩张。全球最大期货交易所 CME Group 的交易倍数约为 20–25 倍利润。Kalshi 估值内嵌的增长假设没有任何已发布独立市场分析支撑,因此市场规模和轨迹是首要尽调问题。到 2026 年 3 月,累计合约成交量超过 $52B,较 2025 年中大致翻倍,说明增长轨迹真实,即便终局市场规模仍有争议。[CM007, CM008, CM009, CM010, CM011, CM012]
| 发布方 / 来源 | 出版物 / 年份 | 地域 | 指标 | 数值 | 置信度 | 局限 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGA / State of the States(来源) | State of States 2025(报告) | 美国 | 体育博彩 GGR 2024 | $13.78B(+24.8% YoY);投注额 $149.90B | 高 | 相邻市场;体育博彩平台保证金模型不同于事件合约手续费结构 |
| AGA / State of the States(来源) | State of States 2025(报告) | 美国 | iGaming GGR 2024 | $8.41B(+28.7% YoY) | 高 | 相邻市场;产品和监管结构不同 |
| AGA / Newsroom | AGA 2026 reporting | 美国 | 商业博彩 GGR 2025(所有持牌博彩) | $78.72B(+9.2% YoY) | 高 | 最宽相邻基准;按监管定义排除事件合约 |
| Kalshi(公司披露) | Year in Review 2025(年度回顾) | 美国 | 年化交易量 run rate(2025 年末) | $50B+ 年化;2025 年 12 月首次达到每周 $1B+ | 中 | 交易量不是收入;无方法披露;公司声称 |
| Bloomberg(新闻报道) | Bloomberg 2025 年 10 月 | 美国 | Kalshi 2025 年手续费收入 | $263.5M(89% 来自体育合约) | 中 | 单年快照;体育集中度 89%;隐含抽成率 0.5% |
| 由估值反推 | Fintech.global / Reuters / Yahoo Finance(来源,2026) | 美国 | 隐含市场倍数(估值 / 收入) | $22B 估值 / $263.5M 收入 = 约 84x 收入倍数 | 低 | 纯属推测性终值;没有独立市场分析支撑隐含规模 |
| GVR / Mordor / Fortune BI(全球分析机构) | 2024–2025 年多份报告 | 全球(非仅美国) | 全球预测市场 TAM | 无法访问(付费墙或被重定向) | 很低 | 全球口径;合并受监管与未受监管市场;方法论未经验证;并非美国专属 |
| 缺口(无来源) | n/a | 美国 | 美国 CFTC 监管事件合约独立 TAM | 截至 2026 年 5 月,公开研究中不存在 | n/a | 关键证据缺口;仅靠公开数据无法独立验证市场规模 |
数值没有统一到同一单位。GGR($B)、年化交易量($B)和隐含估值倍数代表不同经济量。第 7–8 行用于记录证据边界,不是在给出规模测算。有效抽成率(手续费收入 / 交易量)是推导概念;没有来源明确披露有效抽成率。
[CM007, CM008, CM009, CM010, CM011, CM012]市场规模分层从最宽的相邻背景(美国受监管博彩 GGR)下沉到 Kalshi 当前手续费收入,展示代理基准与真正 TAM 之间的缺口。
除 Kalshi 2025 手续费收入($263.5M)外,所有数值都是代理、估计或外推。TAM 代理使用相邻博彩 GGR,因为不存在独立事件合约 TAM。近期 SOM 带有推测性,不应用作市场基准。
[CM007, CM008, CM009, CM012, CM013, CM038]每个可用测算视角的低 / 基准 / 高边界,显示在缺少独立美国 CFTC 事件合约 TAM 时的不确定性有多大。
体育博彩 GGR 低 / 中 / 高 = 2023 实际 / 2024 实际 / 2025 外推。美国 CFTC 事件合约区间由 Kalshi 代理指标构建,未经独立验证;仅作指示性参考。纳入全球分析师估计,是为记录公开报告范围,并说明它们为何不能作为美国事件合约 TAM 代理。
[CM008, CM009, CM010, CM011, CM013, CM014]2.3 买方与用户分层
Kalshi 的买方分为两大类:零售消费者,以及机构或专业交易者。零售买方中,体育迷是主导群体——2025 年约 89% 费用收入来自体育事件合约,说明用户基础主要由运用体育知识驱动,而非金融套保。体育买方的采用触发点是重大直播赛事:Super Bowl、March Madness 和 NFL 赛季贡献最高成交量。Kalshi 披露,到 2025 年底注册用户超过 5 million。 政治和选举买方构成第二个清晰分层:政治参与度高、希望表达对选举结果观点或对冲政策敞口的消费者。经济指标交易者规模更小但潜在价值更高,包括使用 Kalshi 围绕美联储决议和经济数据发布做宏观套保或方向性押注的零售投资者与专业交易者。天气和气候合约吸引的是更窄的买方基础。 分发渠道决定访问模式。Kalshi 直接用户构成注册者大多数,而 Robinhood 的 FCM 接入贡献约 25–35% 日成交量,说明大量活跃交易者来自券商入口。Coinbase 和 Fanatics Markets 提供额外分发向量,并对应不同用户画像:Coinbase 带来加密原生用户,Fanatics 带来体育品牌忠诚用户。截至 2026 年 5 月,Kalshi 唯一的 CFTC DCM 竞争者 ForecastEx 尚未披露用户数或成交量数据。[CM015, CM016, CM017, CM018, CM019, CM020]
| 细分市场 | 主要买方 | 用户 | 付款方 | 预算来源 | 采用触发点 | 主要分发渠道 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 体育结果交易 | 零售体育粉丝 | 个人消费者 | 自费 | 娱乐 / 可自由支配支出 | 大型体育直播赛事(Super Bowl / March Madness / NFL 赛季) | Kalshi 直达;Robinhood(约 25–35% 日交易量) |
| 政治 / 选举结果交易 | 关注政治的零售消费者 | 个人消费者 | 自费 | 可自由支配 / 政治参与支出 | 选举周期;重大政策公布 | Kalshi 直达 |
| 经济指标合约 | 零售投资者;专业交易员 | 个人或机构交易台 | 个人或公司 | 投资 / 交易资金 | FOMC 公布;宏观经济数据发布 | Kalshi 直达;机构接入 |
| 天气 / 气候合约 | 小企业或消费者 | 个人或 SMB | 个人或公司 | 运营预算;可自由支配支出 | 重大天气事件;季节性预测窗口 | Kalshi 直达 |
| 娱乐 / 流行文化 | 休闲消费者;社交投注者 | 个人消费者 | 自费 | 可自由支配支出 | 颁奖季;文化节点 | Kalshi 直达;Fanatics Markets(体育邻近) |
| 机构 / 专业交易 | 专业交易员;做市商;对冲基金 | 公司交易台 | 公司 | 交易 / 投资资金 | 监管明朗化里程碑;套利机会 | 所有 CFTC 监管平台(Kalshi / ForecastEx / Coinbase) |
各细分市场的预算规模和采用路径数据未公开披露。渠道分配根据汇总披露估计(Robinhood 占 25–35% 日交易量)。细分收入拆分由 Kalshi 披露的 89% 体育 / 11% 其他收入组合近似推算。机构参与来自市场结构与流动性推断,并非由披露确认。
[CM015, CM018, CM019, CM020, CM021, CM022]基于已披露营收结构和产品设计,按 Kalshi 事件合约类别交叉展示各类买方是主要、偶尔还是少见参与者。
参与程度(主要 / 活跃 / 偶尔 / 少见)根据 Kalshi 披露的 89% 体育营收结构、产品设计和市场结构推断。Kalshi 未披露细分人群拆分。机构参与根据流动性和定价模式推断,未经一手披露确认。
[CM022, CM033, CM039]2.4 增长驱动与采用约束
最重要的单一增长开关,是 CFTC 监管优先管辖。2026 年 4–5 月,CFTC 起诉 Arizona、Connecticut、Illinois、New York、Wisconsin 和 Minnesota,阻止各州对受监管预测市场实施博彩执法。CFTC 还获得了针对 Arizona 的临时限制令,向 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 和 Sixth Circuit 提交法庭之友意见,并与 NHL 签署信息共享 MOU。每一次法律胜利,都会通过移除州层面的刑事和监管敞口,扩大美国可触达用户基础。 需求侧,PASPA 废除后的体育博彩轨迹提供了有用类比:美国体育博彩从 2018 年接近零增长到 2024 年 $13.78B GGR,最快加速发生在多州合法化消除不确定性之后。如果 CFTC 优先管辖最终解决州管辖冲突,Kalshi 可能受益于类似的合法性解锁。券商分发是第二个主要增长加速器:Robinhood 贡献 25–35% 日成交量,意味着 Kalshi 不必自建分发层也能获得规模化获客。 采用约束同样重大。AGA 和互动博彩行业公开反对预测市场,并在 2026 年 1 月联合信中将其描述为“未受监管”,尽管 Kalshi 拥有 CFTC 指定资格——这种叙事可能造成消费者混淆。CFTC-NHL MOU 让体育联盟影响合约范围,可能预示未来会出现许可义务。Kalshi 89% 体育收入集中度制造了单一产品线风险:如果未来规则制定或法院命令限制体育合约,收入基底会大幅收缩。ForecastEx 最低费率的竞争定位表明,随着市场成熟,利润率压缩可能随之而来。[CM023, CM024, CM025, CM026, CM027, CM028]
| 因素 | 方向 | 类别 | 时间 | 证据 | 影响强度 | 尽调问题 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CFTC 对州博彩法律的联邦优先管辖 | 正向 | 监管 | 2024–2026 年活跃 | CFTC 诉 AZ、CT、IL、NY、WI、MN;AZ 临时限制令(TRO);多份法庭之友意见书 | 高 | 联邦上诉法院或最高法院裁决会最终解决优先管辖问题吗? |
| 经纪渠道分发(Robinhood 约 25–35% 日交易量) | 正向 | 分发 | 2025 年至今 | Bloomberg 收入报道;Kalshi Year in Review 2025 | 高 | 经纪渠道获客用户与直达用户的留存和交易频率分别如何? |
| 体育合约产品扩张(2025 年收入的 89%) | 正向 | 产品 | 2024 年至今 | Bloomberg 收入报道;CFTC-NHL MOU | 高 | 体育合约范围会长期存在,还是会受 CFTC 规则制定限制? |
| 媒体合法性背书(CNBC 专区;TIME 2026 年 100 家公司) | 正向 | 认知 | 2025-2026 | CNBC 预测市场中心;TIME 2026 年 100 家最具影响力公司 | 中 | 主流媒体报道是否与注册和首笔交易转化相关? |
| 国际上线(140+ 个国家;2025 年) | 正向 | 市场扩张 | 2025 年至今 | Kalshi About 页面;bravenewcoin 上线报道 | 中 | 交易量和收入中有多少来自国际用户? |
| AGA / 博彩行业组织化反对 | 负向 | 竞争 / 政治 | 持续(2026 年 1 月联名信) | AGA 新闻室;AGA/IGA 联名信称平台“未受监管” | 高 | AGA 会游说国会,将事件合约排除在 CFTC 管辖之外吗? |
| 州层面刑事化运动(截至 2026 年 5 月已有 6+ 个州) | 负向 | 监管 | 持续中 | CFTC 诉 AZ、CT、IL、NY、WI、MN;MN 颁布针对天气合约的法律 | 高 | 有多少州仍在执法,且尚未被联邦法院禁制? |
| 体育收入集中度 89% 的风险 | 负向 | 集中风险 | 当前 | Bloomberg 收入报道;CFTC-NHL MOU 暗示潜在授权成本 | 高 | 如果体育合约被限制在非比赛实时结果上,收入轨迹会怎样? |
影响强度根据公开证据定性评估。时间反映截至 2026 年 5 月的状态。尽调问题指仅靠公开来源无法解答的信息。
[CM023, CM024, CM025, CM026, CM027, CM028]从美国可触达成年人口到活跃 Kalshi 事件合约交易者的分阶段漏斗,标出监管、认知和参与度在哪些环节形成瓶颈。
美国成年互联网用户以美国人口普查为代理(约 255M)。体育投注 / 博彩参与者来自 AGA 调查(2024 年有 54M 美国人参与博彩)。了解预测市场的成年人和活跃交易者是构建估计,缺少一手来源验证。Kalshi 5M+ 注册用户为公司披露(Year in Review 2025),但包含非活跃账户。
[CM012, CM022, CM033]2.5 证据缺口与规模测算矛盾
三个结构性矛盾削弱了简单的市场规模测算。第一,AGA 2026 年 1 月联合信将包括 Kalshi 在内的预测市场平台描述为“未受监管”,尽管 Kalshi 拥有有效 CFTC DCM 身份。这反映的是 AGA 限制该品类的竞争和政治利益,而不是法律认定,但也说明联邦监管者与既有博彩行业之间,对市场定义存在争议。 第二,没有独立分析师专门为美国 CFTC 监管事件合约测算 TAM。公开可得的全球预测市场估计来自分析研究公司,采用更宽泛、不可比的市场定义,将受监管与未受监管平台混合统计,并且要么设有付费墙,要么没有披露方法论。任何把这类估计当作 Kalshi TAM 的投资者模型,都是误用数据。 第三,Kalshi 2025 年收入 $263.5M,却对应 $22B 估值,隐含 84x 收入倍数。CME Group 的交易倍数约为 20–25 倍利润。Kalshi 溢价隐含的不只是增长,而是品类创造级规模——而这个市场尚未达到所需规模。增长轨迹是真实的(截至 2026 年 3 月,累计成交量九个月内大致翻倍),但终点没有验证。ForecastEx 市场份额、国际收入,以及潜在体育合约限制的影响均未披露,仅靠公开信息无法完整界定市场结构。[CM010, CM011, CM014, CM030, CM031, CM037]
2.6 图表与证据
03竞争格局
3.1 竞争格局概览
Kalshi 处在三个竞争空间的交叉点:受监管的美国事件合约(直接同业)、加密 / 离岸预测市场(未受监管替代品),以及体育博彩产品(行为替代品)。必须理解每一类,因为 Kalshi 面对的是结构性、多方向竞争压力——并不只是与单一对手争夺市场份额。 在受监管美国事件合约领域,截至 2026 年 5 月,Kalshi 是三家 CFTC 指定实体之一。ForecastEx(2024 年 6 月获指定)是唯一另一家活跃的事件合约 DCM。PredictIt 通过其运营方 Aristotle International,于 2025 年 9 月获得了受监管交易所批准。这三者构成正式的受监管市场结构。Kalshi 拥有最早指定资格(2020 年 11 月)、覆盖体育、政治、经济、天气和娱乐的最深市场广度,以及唯一经验证的大规模 FCM 分发,合作方包括 Robinhood、Coinbase 和 Fanatics Markets。 加密 / 离岸领域,Polymarket 按成交量是全球主导平台。Polymarket 由 Shayne Coplan 于 2020 年创立,使用 USDC 抵押品并运行在 Polygon 区块链上。2022 年 CFTC 同意令禁止美国用户后,Polymarket 从 2022 年到 2025 年 12 月 2 日被挡在美国市场之外;随后 Trump 政府的监管姿态让美国用户重新获得访问权限。Intercontinental Exchange(ICE)于 2025 年 10 月向 Polymarket 投资最多 $2 billion,对其估值 $8–9 billion。尽管规模和资本强劲,Polymarket 从未取得 CFTC DCM 牌照,并持续面对内幕交易、市场操纵和内容准确性的质疑。 Iowa Electronic Markets(IEM)由 University of Iowa Tippie College of Business 自 1988 年运营,是一个学术性非营利前身,依据 CFTC 不采取行动函运营,每位交易者投资上限为 $5–$500。IEM 不是商业竞争者,但证明了预测市场作为预测工具的学术可信度。 美国体育博彩运营商——DraftKings、FanDuel、BetMGM 和 Caesars——是行为替代品,而不是结构性竞争者。2018 年 PASPA 废除后,这些平台依据州博彩牌照在 38 个州和 Washington DC 受监管,采用固定赔率模型,体育博彩平台持有投注者的对手方头寸。它们 2024 年合计 GGR 为 $13.78 billion,构成最大的相邻用户支出池。代表这些运营商的 AGA 公开把预测市场描述为“未受监管”,并游说反对其扩张,明确框定了竞争威胁。[CP001, CP002, CP003, CP004, CP005, CP006]
| 竞争对手 | 类别 | 监管状态(2026 年 5 月) | 规模 / 融资 | 目标细分市场 | 核心差异化 | 核心限制 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalshi | CFTC 监管的事件合约 DCM | CFTC DCM(自 2020 年 11 月);对 6+ 个州主张优先管辖 | $22B 估值(2026 年 3 月);$263.5M 2025 年手续费收入;5M+ 用户;$52B+ 累计交易量 | 零售体育粉丝、政治投注者、宏观交易员 | 先发 DCM;Robinhood 占 25–35% 日交易量;美国品类覆盖最广 | 体育收入集中度 89%;州法律挑战持续 |
| Polymarket | 加密预测市场(无 CFTC DCM) | 无 DCM 牌照;监管缓和后,2025 年 12 月重新接纳美国用户 | $8–9B 估值(2025 年 10 月–2026 年 2 月);2024 年 5 月融资 $70M;ICE 投资 $2B | 加密原生交易员、全球政治投注者 | 全球触达;USDC/Polygon 自托管;最大选举市场交易量;开放 API | 无 DCM = 无 CFTC 优先管辖;内幕交易 / 操纵争议;CEO 2024 年遭 FBI 突袭 |
| PredictIt | CFTC 批准交易所(2025 年 9 月新结构) | 交易所 + 清算所于 2025 年 9 月获 CFTC 批准;取代不采取行动函 | 未披露估值;正从非营利转向交易所 | 政治 / 选举市场参与者 | 深厚政治市场经验;自 2014 年以来记录较长 | 无体育;上线后未披露交易量 / 用户数据;$3,500 持仓上限 |
| ForecastEx | CFTC 监管的事件合约 DCM | CFTC DCM(2024 年 6 月获指定) | 未披露估值或融资;未披露交易量或用户数据 | 经济、政治、气候事件交易员 | 声称费用最低;将抵押品利息转给会员(Incentive Coupon) | 无体育合约;未披露流动性;截至 2026 年 5 月无已知 FCM 分发 |
| Iowa Electronic Markets | 学术预测市场(CFTC 不采取行动函) | CFTC 不采取行动函(学术 / 研究豁免);不是商业竞争对手 | 非营利;每名交易员 $5–$500 上限;自 1988 年运行 | 学术研究者、政治科学家 | 长期预测准确性记录;学术可信度 | 规模极小;不是商业产品;与零售竞争无关 |
| DraftKings / FanDuel / BetMGM / Caesars | 固定赔率体育博彩(州牌照) | 在 38 个州 + DC 持有州博彩牌照;AGA 成员;CFTC 优先管辖不适用 | 2024 年合计 $13.78B GGR(美国体育博彩总额);DraftKings 市值约 $15B | 美国体育投注者(零售,18+/21+ 取决于州) | 覆盖 38 个州;品牌已建立;体育数据合作;串关 / 实时投注 | 固定赔率模式(运营商与投注者);没有新监管框架,无法复制事件合约交易所结构 |
规模 / 融资数字反映截至 2026 年 5 月可获得的最新披露;ForecastEx 和 PredictIt(新交易所)未披露交易量、用户或估值。体育博彩 GGR 数字来自 AGA 的美国行业汇总;未包含单个运营商拆分。Polymarket 估值区间反映 2025 年 10 月(ICE 投资对应 $8B)和 2026 年 2 月($9B)的报道。
[CP001, CP002, CP003, CP004, CP005, CP006]该顺序尺度象限图把主要竞争者放到监管强度(1–5,5 = 完整 CFTC DCM 且主动主张联邦优先权)和美国市场触达(1–5,5 = 最大活跃美国用户基础和交易量)两条轴上。Kalshi 在监管强度上领先;Polymarket 在当前市场触达上领先。
两个坐标轴都采用顺序评分(1–5),基于定性证据而非量化指标。监管强度:5=CFTC DCM 且主动主张联邦优先权;4=CFTC DCM 但未主动主张联邦优先权;3=CFTC 批准交易所(范围更窄)或不采取行动函;2=监管松动 / 无正式牌照;1=仅有学术用途不采取行动函。美国市场触达:5=有记录的数百万用户基础和 / 或 $10B+ 年化成交额;4=5M+ 注册用户和 $50B+ 交易量;3=未知但已运营;2=早期或新上线;1=学术 / 小众规模。ForecastEx 位于 y=1,因为没有公开交易量或用户数据。
[CP001, CP002, CP003, CP004, CP005, CP006]3.2 监管地位与产品对比
预测市场版图中的监管分层,是最关键的竞争轴。CFTC DCM 牌照让 Kalshi 可以对州博彩法主张联邦优先管辖,接入注册期货佣金商(FCM)做分发,并为机构和零售参与提供法律确定性。ForecastEx 持有相同 DCM 指定资格,但未披露市场广度、成交量或用户数据。PredictIt 新交易所牌照(2025 年 9 月获批)范围更窄——仅限政治市场——其此前不采取行动函在十年内同时限制了持仓规模和参与人数。 Polymarket 没有 DCM 牌照。2025 年 12 月重返美国用户,源于 Trump 政府的 CFTC 放弃调查,而不是正式监管批准。Polymarket 尚未申请 DCM 指定资格。它的加密原生架构(Polygon 区块链上的 USDC 抵押)既是技术差异点,也是监管敞口——它在传统金融基础设施之外结算,无法像 Kalshi 那样接入美国 FCM 分发渠道。 产品广度上,Kalshi 在美国可访问平台中覆盖最宽:体育结果、政治和选举事件、经济指标(CPI、美联储利率决议)、天气、娱乐,以及加密货币里程碑。ForecastEx 公开材料只提到经济、气候和政治类别——其产品页面未提及体育。PredictIt 受交易所牌照条款限制,结构上只能做政治和选举结果。IEM 只运营选举和经济期货,上限为 $500。 定价结构差异显著。Kalshi 对每笔交易收取交易费(公司没有发布单一通用费率表,但披露在 $50 billion+ 年化成交量上产生 $263.5 million 费用收入,隐含有效抽佣率约 0.5%)。ForecastEx 公开宣称“费用低于任何竞争对手”,并且还通过“Incentive Coupon”把抵押品产生的利息返还给会员,在某些场景下形成净负有效费用。Polymarket 的具体费用结构没有以固定费率形式公开记录;它使用 CLOB 模型并提供做市商激励。 流动性差异目前很大,但更多是信息性指标。Kalshi 报告累计合约成交量 $52 billion+,到 2025 年 12 月周成交量 $1 billion+。Polymarket 自称是“全球最大预测市场”,仅 2024 年总统大选就吸引了 $3.3 billion。ForecastEx 和 PredictIt(新交易所)截至 2026 年 5 月没有披露可比成交量数字。[CP011, CP012, CP013, CP014, CP015, CP016]
| 选型标准 | Kalshi | Polymarket | PredictIt(新交易所) | ForecastEx | 体育博彩运营商 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CFTC DCM 资质 | 是(2020 年 11 月) | 否 | 是(交易所 / 清算所 2025 年 9 月,仅政治) | 是(2024 年 6 月) | N/A(州博彩牌照) |
| 美国用户准入 | 是(所有州,但受持续州法诉讼影响) | 是(自 2025 年 12 月;监管缓和,不是正式批准) | 是(受监管交易所) | 是(需 FCM 分发) | 是(38 个州 + DC 线上) |
| 体育事件合约 | 是(2025 年收入的 89%) | 是(63% 交易) | 否 | 未披露 | 是(核心产品,固定赔率模式) |
| 政治 / 选举合约 | 是 | 是 | 是(核心重点) | 是 | 否 |
| 经济指标合约 | 是(Fed 利率、CPI、GDP) | 是 | 有限(历史重点) | 是 | 否 |
| 加密 / USD 抵押品 | 否(仅通过 FCM 使用 USD) | 是(USDC/Polygon) | 否(USD) | 否(USD 现金抵押) | 否(USD) |
| 经纪 / FCM 分发 | 是(Robinhood 占 25–35% 日交易量;Coinbase;Fanatics Markets) | 否(仅直达,需加密钱包) | 未知(新交易所;未披露 FCM 合作伙伴) | 未知(未披露 FCM 合作伙伴) | N/A(直达持牌体育博彩平台) |
| 开放开发者 API / SDK | 有限(未见公开 CLOB SDK 文档) | 是(docs.polymarket.com CLOB API) | 未见公开文档 | 未见公开文档 | 有限(仅面向合作方的数据 API) |
| CFTC 对州博彩法的优先管辖 | 是(积极主张;CFTC 已对 6+ 个州发起诉讼) | 否(无 DCM = 无优先管辖主张) | 部分(仅政治合约) | 是(DCM 身份) | N/A(州牌照模式) |
标为“未见公开文档”或“未知”的单元格,表示截至 2026 年 5 月缺少公开披露,并非确认不存在。ForecastEx 体育合约可用性、PredictIt FCM 合作伙伴和 Polymarket 正式费用表均未披露。体育博彩运营商采用不同结构模式(固定赔率),因此直接能力对比只限于行为替代层面。
[CP012, CP013, CP017, CP018, CP019, CP020]| 平台 | 费用模式 | 有效抽成率(估计) | 抵押品 / 托管模式 | 抵押品利息 | 费用定位主张 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalshi | 双边每笔交易收费 | 隐含约 0.5%(2025:$263.5M 收入 / $50B+ 交易量) | 现金通过 FCM 持有;是否符合 FDIC 资格取决于 FCM | 不转给用户 | 受监管交易所;未主张“最低费用” |
| Polymarket | CLOB 吃单 / 挂单费用;确切费率表未公开发布 | 未公开披露;估计低于 1% | Polygon 上的 USDC;用户自托管 | 不适用(用户持有 USDC) | 无明确费用主张;靠交易量驱动做市 |
| PredictIt(新交易所) | 新 CFTC 结构下的交易所收费模式;此前模式收取 10% 盈利费 | 新结构下未知;此前:净盈利 10% + 提现 5% | 现金由交易所持有 | 未披露 | 未见公开主张 |
| ForecastEx | 每笔交易收费 | 低于 Kalshi(声称“最低费用”) | 现金;全额抵押 | 是——Incentive Coupon 转给会员 | 竞争对手中费用最低(公司说法) |
| DraftKings / FanDuel(体育博彩平台) | 固定赔率保留率(运营商利润) | 投注额的 GGR 利润率约 8–10%(行业平均) | 用户存款由运营商持有 | None | 促销赔率 / 免费投注获客 |
Kalshi 隐含抽成率由 $263.5M 手续费收入 / $50B+ 年化交易量(2025)推导;推导结果属于有效混合费率,不是合同费率表。PredictIt 在新交易所牌照下的收费结构尚未公开披露;10%/5% 模式适用于不采取行动函时期。Polymarket 的费率表截至 2026 年 5 月未在公开文档中找到。体育博彩保留率百分比来自 AGA State of the States 数据中的行业估计;单个运营商利润率会有差异。
[CP015, CP016, CP017, CP018, CP019, CP033]五个主要竞争对手关键产品能力的有无;单元格用支持 / 部分支持 / 不支持 / 未知表示,以反映证据质量。
[CP012, CP013, CP015, CP016, CP017, CP018]3.3 竞争者画像——优势、弱点与响应动态
按资本和品牌认知度,Polymarket 是 Kalshi 最具威胁的竞争者;按法律地位,它也是最脆弱的一个。$8–9 billion 估值和 ICE 投资给了它资产负债表火力,也可能搭起通往机构基础设施的桥。Donald Trump Jr. 的顾问角色和 1789 Capital 的投资形成政治掩护,助推了让其重返美国的监管解冻。不过,Polymarket 的加密原生模式要求用户持有并管理 USDC,给主流零售用户制造摩擦。其过往记录包括 CEO 遭 FBI 调查(2024 年 11 月,2025 年 7 月撤销指控)、多起内幕交易争议、市场操纵指控,以及按 NYT 审查记录发布数百条虚假社交媒体帖子;这些都会制造声誉和合规风险,使受监管 FCM 合作伙伴难以接受。The Wall Street Journal 将其市场描述为“法律和伦理灰色地带”。如果 Polymarket 申请 DCM 牌照,或借助 ICE 打通监管路径,竞争威胁会显著升级。近期更可能的 Polymarket 响应,不是复制 Kalshi 的受监管模式,而是在监管环境仍宽松时扩大市场成交量和品牌触达。 PredictIt 是非对称威胁:它拥有监管凭证(交易所 + 清算所 CFTC 批准,2025 年 9 月),但缺少体育——这占 Kalshi 2025 年收入的 89%。PredictIt 的非营利根源和政治市场聚焦,意味着其用户基础偏向关心政策的用户,而不是体育迷。取消 5,000 人上限和 $3,500 持仓上限,让它有空间从此前受限状态扩张,但体育市场需要不同内容、合作伙伴和流动性动态,PredictIt 尚未显示有意进入。主要响应风险是 PredictIt 扩展到体育,或与体育数据提供商合作,从互补者转为直接竞争者。 ForecastEx 是最直接的结构性竞争者——相同监管框架、相同 DCM 指定资格——而其激进费率定位(最低费用、利息返还)是在有意挑战 Kalshi 的定价权。不过,截至 2026 年 5 月,ForecastEx 没有披露成交量、用户数或分发合作。如果 ForecastEx 无法吸引 FCM 合作伙伴,低费率定位就没有意义。风险在于 ForecastEx 吸引到机构支持者或分发伙伴,获得让费率优势具备竞争力所需的流动性注入。 体育博彩运营商拥有最大的替代总池子,但结构重叠最低。DraftKings、FanDuel、BetMGM 和 Caesars 从美国用户聚合了超过 $13 billion 年 GGR,这些用户在行为上接近 Kalshi 的体育合约买方。这些运营商在 38 个州依据固定赔率体育博彩模式持牌运营,与事件合约不同——运营商持有对手方头寸,买方不能在结算前退出头寸。AGA 将预测市场描述为“未受监管体育博彩”,并游说州和联邦机关限制预测市场平台或对其征收州税,直接威胁 Kalshi 的税务处理和竞争地位。体育博彩运营商最可能的回应是继续游说,而不是复制产品,但如果监管环境变化,一些运营商(尤其通过 FCM 结构)可能直接进入事件合约市场。[CP020, CP021, CP022, CP023, CP024, CP025]
截至 2026 年 5 月,衡量 Kalshi 在监管、分销、流动性和市场结构维度竞争护城河强度的关键指标。
DCM 领先年数按 2020 年 11 月(Kalshi)到 2024 年 6 月(ForecastEx)计算。Robinhood 交易量占比和累计交易量为公司披露,依据 Bloomberg 报道。Polymarket 和 Kalshi 估值来自最新可得融资轮(分别为 2026 年 2 月和 2026 年 3 月)。所有「未披露」项均表示缺少公开数据。
[CP001, CP014, CP031, CP034, CP035, CP038]3.4 Kalshi 的差异化、结构性优势与劣势
Kalshi 的核心差异化,是监管先发地位与券商分发的组合。作为面向零售事件合约的首个 CFTC DCM(2020 年 11 月获指定),Kalshi 在一个此前不存在的品类中,率先搭起合规基础设施、法律先例和 FCM 关系。Robinhood 作为 FCM 合作伙伴接入——贡献 Kalshi 日成交量 25–35%——是分发护城河最清晰的证据:Robinhood 拥有 24+ million 已入金账户,并把相当一部分股票交易用户导入事件合约。截至 2026 年 5 月,没有其他事件合约平台复制了这种分发动态。 流动性本身就是网络效应护城河。价差紧、深度足的流动市场会吸引更多交易者,进而进一步加深流动性。Kalshi 累计成交量 $52 billion+、周运行率 $1 billion+,形成了价差和深度,新进入者若没有外部流动性注入或已连接用户基础,结构上很难复制。ForecastEx 和 PredictIt(新交易所结构)都面对冷启动流动性问题,单靠低费率无法解决。 CFTC 主动捍卫 Kalshi 市场——2026 年 4–5 月起诉六个州(Arizona、Connecticut、Illinois、New York、Wisconsin、Minnesota),阻止州博彩执法,并在 Arizona 赢得限制令——通过法律确定性形成了未受监管竞争者无法声称的竞争护城河。Polymarket 没有触发优先管辖的 DCM 牌照,因此不能依赖 CFTC 优先管辖保护。PredictIt 的新交易所牌照未来可能使其符合优先管辖条件,但仅限于它目前覆盖的政治类别。 Kalshi 的结构性劣势集中在三个方面。第一,体育收入集中度(2025 年收入 89%)形成单一市场依赖,这是 Polymarket 和传统体育博彩运营商都没有的;如果规则制定或法院命令限制体育合约范围,Kalshi 收入基底会不成比例地塌缩。第二,Polymarket 的加密基础设施让加密原生用户能够自托管、低摩擦参与,也支持不受司法辖区许可约束的全球市场。Kalshi 的受监管模式要求身份验证、许多合约类型要求美国居住身份,并需要 FCM 中介——摩擦更高,限制病毒式增长。第三,Kalshi 没有可与 Polymarket 开放 API 和 CLOB 基础设施(docs.polymarket.com)相比的开发者生态,程序化交易和第三方做市集成弱于 Polymarket 的去中心化架构。 关键的多平台使用问题是:预测市场用户已经表现出同时使用多个平台的意愿(用 Polymarket 做全球加密市场,用 Kalshi 做受监管美国市场)。这削弱了 Kalshi 的排他性,但也限制了 Polymarket 完全替代 Kalshi 的能力。Kalshi 拥有的最强反多平台机制,是 Robinhood 单平台体验带来的分发锁定。[CP031, CP032, CP033, CP034, CP035, CP036]
| 护城河主张 | 当前威胁 | 严重性 | 最可能的攻击方 | 缓解措施 / 尽调问题 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CFTC DCM 先发监管优先地位 | ForecastEx 拥有相同 DCM 资质;PredictIt 新交易所可能扩大牌照;Polymarket 也可能申请 DCM | 中——监管同质化可以达成,但尚未实现 | ForecastEx、Polymarket(若后者推进 DCM) | 监测 ForecastEx 向 CFTC 提交的新产品上市文件;跟踪 Polymarket 与 ICE 集成时间表 |
| Robinhood 贡献 25–35% 日交易量的分发渠道 | Robinhood 可能与 ForecastEx 或另一家 DCM 合作;PredictIt 新交易所也可能吸引 Robinhood | 高 — 失去 Robinhood 分发会实质性压低交易量和收入 | ForecastEx、任何新的 DCM 进入者 | 确认 Robinhood 排他条款和合同期限;评估 Robinhood 内部事件合约路线图 |
| 流动性网络效应(累计交易量 $52B+) | Polymarket 的全球流动性在选举市场远超 Kalshi;ForecastEx 可凭 Incentive Coupon 吸引做市商 | 中 — Kalshi 在体育领先;Polymarket 在政治 / 选举总交易量上领先 | Polymarket、ForecastEx | 跟踪 Polymarket 2025 年 12 月重返美国后的美国交易量;监测 ForecastEx 建设期 CLOB 深度 |
| 多渠道分发(Coinbase、Fanatics Markets) | Coinbase 和 Fanatics 可接入更多 DCM;二者都非 Kalshi 独家 | 低-中 — 品类成熟后,排他优势会被削弱 | 任何新的 CFTC DCM 进入者 | 确认每个 FCM 合作伙伴的分发合同排他性和续约条款 |
| 体育合约品类宽度 | Polymarket 63% 的交易来自体育;PredictIt 不在这里竞争;体育博彩运营商是固定赔率替代品 | 中 — 若 Polymarket 获得完整监管明确性,其体育增长会侵蚀体育合约用户忠诚度 | Polymarket | 跟踪 Polymarket 重返美国后的体育合约交易量;监测 AGA 与体育联盟游说结果 |
| CFTC 优先管辖屏障(6+ 起州诉讼) | 亚利桑那等州的法律挑战仍在推进;若 CFTC 优先管辖失守,Kalshi 将暴露于州级牌照要求 | 高 — 优先管辖若败诉,美国可服务市场会显著碎片化 | 州博彩监管机构 / AGA 游说 | 跟踪第三巡回法院和州上诉结果;评估 Kalshi 法律费用运行率与诉讼时间线 |
严重性评级是基于截至 2026 年 5 月已披露证据作出的定性评估;独立来源没有给出量化概率分数。「最可能攻击者」指目前对每条护城河威胁最高的实体, 并非唯一威胁。
[CP031, CP032, CP034, CP035, CP036, CP037]3.5 未解决的竞争尽调缺口
截至 2026 年 5 月,几个竞争问题仍然悬而未决,并会实质影响对 Kalshi 长期竞争地位的评估。第一,ForecastEx 的实际成交量、用户数和分发合作完全未披露。没有这些数据,就无法判断 ForecastEx 是一个初生但可能致命的费率竞争威胁,还是一个实质休眠的 DCM。例如,如果 ForecastEx 与 Robinhood 合作,将立刻复制 Kalshi 最重要的分发优势。 第二,Polymarket 在美国获得监管宽容的持久性并不清楚。当前宽松姿态取决于 Trump 政府的 CFTC 不重新施加同意令限制。未来一届 CFTC 可能重新限制美国访问,让 Polymarket 回到 2022–2025 年的非美国状态。另一条路径是,Polymarket 在 ICE 机构地位和资本支持下寻求 DCM 牌照。Polymarket 的监管路径结果,将决定它在美国受监管市场中是长期还是短暂竞争威胁。 第三,PredictIt 的交易所上线(计划于 2025 年 10 月)尚未带来披露的成交量或用户指标。Aristotle International 是否成功从受限的不采取行动函模式扩展到完整交易所,仍未知。 第四,体育博彩运营商的战略响应无法量化。AGA 的游说努力已有记录,但没有大型体育博彩运营商公开申请 CFTC DCM 牌照,或以会直接竞争 Kalshi 体育合约业务的方式与事件合约平台合作。运营商入场的概率和时间仍是开放尽调项。 第五,ForecastEx 的 Incentive Coupon 模型对 Kalshi 定价权的成本和定价影响,还没有在规模化场景下经过检验。如果 ForecastEx 吸引到有意义的流动性,Kalshi 可能面临降低有效费用的压力,从而压缩 $263.5M 收入基底。[CP040, CP041, CP042, CP043]
3.6 图表与证据
04财务情况
4.1 收入模式与费用结构
Kalshi 的收入完全来自事件合约交易的按合约交易费。每份合约价格在 $0.01 到 $0.99 之间,并根据结果是否发生结算为 $1.00 或 $0.00。Kalshi 充当纯交易所中介——不与用户对赌,不收会员费或订阅费,无论哪种结果获胜都能盈利。因此,平台收入模式把平台激励与市场流动性绑定,而不是与方向性风险绑定。 2025 年,Kalshi 报告在估计 $50+ billion 年化名义成交量上取得 $263.5 million 费用收入,隐含抽佣率约 0.53%。到 2026 年 3 月,CEO Tarek Mansour 提到 $1.5 billion 年化运行率,并称平台在事件高峰期每周处理超过 $2 billion。体育事件合约贡献了 2025 年费用收入约 89%;仅 2026 年 2 月的 Super Bowl LX,单日成交量估计就达到 $1 billion。这些事件驱动高峰确认了平台处理集中流量冲击的能力。 2025 年 3 月上线的 Robinhood 分发合作,显著降低了零售参与者的有效获客成本。到 2025 年 10 月,在活跃体育日,Robinhood 贡献 Kalshi 日交易量约 25–35%,压缩了触达增量零售交易者的经济成本。NBC News 指出,相比加密同行,Kalshi 以 USD 计价的结算模式扩大了可触达零售基础,也可能进一步支持自然成交量增长。[CI001, CI002, CI003, CI004, CI005, CI006]
| 合约类别 | 2025 收入占比(估计) | 主要交易量驱动因素 | 代表性合约类型 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 体育事件合约 | ~89% | NFL、NBA、NCAA、NHL 常规赛和季后赛 | 球队胜负、比赛总分、季后赛晋级 |
| 政治 / 选举 | ~5% | 2025 年非大选年选举、2026 年中期选举预热 | 国会席位、州长竞选 |
| 经济指标 | ~3% | CPI 发布、美联储利率决定、NFP 报告 | 利率目标、通胀、失业率 |
| 文化 / 娱乐 | ~2% | Oscars、Grammy Awards、票房 | 颁奖结果、娱乐事件 |
| 加密与金融市场 | ~1% | Bitcoin 价格里程碑、股票指数点位 | BTC 高于 $X、S&P 500 周度变动 |
89% 的体育收入占比由 Time 100(2026 年 5 月)直接陈述,并得到 Bloomberg(2025 年 10 月)佐证。非体育类别拆分是分析师基于公开评论和平台合约库存推导的估计; Kalshi 未披露官方的品类级收入拆分。
[CI001, CI002, CI003]| 参数 | 规格 | 依据 / 来源 |
|---|---|---|
| 合约价格区间 | $0.01–$0.99 / 股 | CFTC DCM 合约规格;Kalshi 交易所规则 |
| 合约结算 | $1.00(Yes)或 $0.00(No) | CFTC DCM 标准二元结算 |
| 收入机制 | 按合约收取交易费(交易所模式) | 无点差、无庄家头寸、无订阅费 |
| 隐含平均抽成率 | ~0.53% | 推导:$263.5M 收入 ÷ ~$50B 2025 年交易量 |
| 会员 / 订阅费 | 公开渠道未披露 | 公开来源没有经常性用户费用证据 |
| 机构 / API 接入定价 | 公开渠道未披露 | 机构定价可能分层;细节未确认 |
Kalshi 尚未发布正式费用表。0.53% 的隐含抽成率是分析师基于已报道收入和估计交易量推导的数字;实际逐合约收费结构可能因市场、合约类型或用户层级而异。
[CI004, CI005, CI006, CI007, CI008]事件合约从交易者买入、二元结算到 Kalshi 收费的生命周期,展示 Kalshi 无论结果如何都能收费的纯交易所模式。
抽成率由分析师根据已报道收入和估计交易量推导;Kalshi 未发布官方费率表。节点数值($263.5M、0.53%)未经审计。
[CI001, CI006, CI007, CI008, CI010]4.2 交易量与运营规模
BraveNewCoin 在 Series D 融资公告时报道,Kalshi 的名义交易量到 October 2025 估计已达到年化 $50 billion。到 December 2025,Reuters 和 Crunchbase 均佐证其周交易量经常超过 $1 billion;到 early 2026,大型事件期间周交易量已升至 $2 billion 以上。February 9, 2026 的 Super Bowl LX 带来约 $1 billion 单日交易量,证明平台能承接集中事件日的流量。 Time 的 100 Most Influential Companies 专题显示,到 May 2026,用户基数已扩至至少 5 million 个注册账户。Tracxn 数据显示,员工数从 October 2025 的约 70 人快速增至 April 2026 的 494 人,说明公司在交易基础设施、合规和市场运营上加速投入。按 2025 费用收入和 May 2026 用户数测算,每注册用户收入估计为 $52.70——由于用户数晚于收入期,这一数字可能偏低。 Massachusetts 州总检察长的执法调查给出了独立交易量验证:仅 2025 上半年,Kalshi 上 3.4 million 笔个人下注就带来超过 $1 billion 的体育下注额。该监管记录相当于对交易量水平的部分第三方审计,而 Kalshi 的私营财务披露并未提供类似信息。管理层给出的 $1.5 billion 年化运行率指引若能全年维持,意味着较 2025 实际水平加速 469%。[CI011, CI012, CI013, CI014, CI015, CI016]
| 指标 | 估计 | 依据 | 置信水平 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 费用收入 | $263.5M | Time 100(2026 年 5 月);Bloomberg(2025 年 10 月) | 高 — 多来源交叉确认 |
| 2025 年化名义交易量 | $50B+ | BraveNewCoin(2025 年 10 月) | 中 — 单一来源;未经审计 |
| 隐含抽成率 | ~0.53% | 由已报道收入 ÷ 交易量推导 | 中 — 依赖交易量估计 |
| 2026 收入运行率(2026 年 3 月) | ~$1.5B | Yahoo Finance;管理层指引 | 中 — 前瞻性,未经审计 |
| 周峰值交易量(2026 年初) | >$2B | CNBC Luana Lopes Lara 访谈(2026 年 3 月) | 中 — CEO 陈述 |
| Super Bowl LX 单日交易量 | ~$1B | CNBC(2026 年 2 月) | 高 — 事件特定报道数字 |
| 注册用户(2026 年 5 月) | 5M+ | Time 100(2026 年 5 月) | 高 — 编辑事实核查 |
| 员工数(2026 年 4 月) | 494 | Tracxn(2026 年 4 月) | 中 — 第三方数据聚合商 |
| 每用户收入(2025) | ~$52.70 | 推导:$263.5M ÷ 5M 用户 | 低 — 分子与分母时间不匹配 |
所有收入和交易量数字都是未经审计的管理层指引或分析师报道数据。Kalshi 未发布经审计财务报表。每用户收入可能被低估,因为 5M 用户数来自 2026 年 5 月, 滞后于 2025 年收入期间。
[CI009, CI011, CI012, CI013, CI014, CI015]展示 Kalshi 年化费用收入的示意区间,从 2025 年已报道实际值到基于管理层运行率指引和交易量走势的 2026 全年估计。
2025 年 Q4 和 2026E 数字为分析师估计,依据管理层运行率指引、周度交易量里程碑和 Super Bowl 事件数据推导。没有可用的 2026 年经审计财务数据。
[CI013, CI014, CI015, CI016, CI017, CI040]4.3 资本结构与融资历史
2020 至 2026 年间,Kalshi 完成六轮机构股权融资,累计披露金额约 $2.8 billion。最近一笔是 March 2026 由 Coatue Management 领投的 $1 billion Series F,投后估值 $22 billion;May 2026 Baillie Gifford 又追加 $200 million,使有效 Series F 总额扩大到 $1.2 billion。此前机构轮次包括:Series C($185 million,估值 $2 billion,June 2025)、Series D($300 million,估值 $5 billion,October 2025)和 Series E($1 billion,估值 $11 billion,December 2025)。 SEC Form D 文件是确认单轮融资金额的最权威来源。December 2025 的 Form D(accession 0001231919-25-000572,CIK 0001806928)确认 Series E 募得 $999,996,557,基本就是 $1 billion。此前一份文件(accession 0001231919-25-000391,于 October 30, 2025 提交)记录 $124,999,957,对应 Series D 轮的一笔正式分批。Series A 由 February 23, 2021 提交的 Form D 0001806928-21-000001 确认。Kalshi Inc.(CIK 0001806928)在 SEC EDGAR 的文件索引显示,2020 至 2025 年间共有五份 Form D,验证了多次股权融资事件。 以 March 2026 的 $22 billion 估值对比 2025 年 $263.5 million 费用收入,Kalshi 的定价约为收入的 84x——这是交易所基础设施溢价,反映投资者更看重平台的监管护城河和网络效应防御力,而不是短期盈利能力。Sequoia Capital 和 Paradigm 领投或共同领投了截至 Series E 的每一轮机构融资;Coatue Management 领投了 Series E 和 F。[CI019, CI020, CI021, CI022, CI023, CI024]
| 轮次 | 约略日期 | 融资额 | 投后估值 | 领投方 | 确认来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 种子轮 | Mar 2020 | ~$3.5M | 未披露 | Y Combinator、Alfred Lin | SEC Form D CIK 0001806928(2020);Tracxn(来源) |
| Series A 轮 | Feb 2021 | ~$30M | 未披露 | Sequoia Capital、Y Combinator | SEC Form D 0001806928-21-000001(2021 年 2 月) |
| Series B 轮 | 2022 | ~$30M | 未披露 | Sequoia Capital、Paradigm | Tracxn;Crunchbase(估计) |
| Series C 轮 | Jun 2025 | $185M | $2B | Sequoia Capital、Paradigm | Yogonet;Covers;BraveNewCoin |
| Series D 轮 | Oct 2025 | $300M | $5B | Paradigm、Coatue | BraveNewCoin;SEC Form D 0001231919-25-000391 |
| Series E 轮 | Dec 2025 | $1B (~$999.997M) | $11B | Coatue Management、Paradigm | Reuters;SEC Form D 0001231919-25-000572 |
| Series F 轮 | Mar 2026 | $1B | $22B | Coatue Management | CNBC(2026 年 3 月);FinTech Global;Crunchbase |
| Series F 追加融资 | May 2026 | $200M | $22B(不变) | Baillie Gifford | FinTech Global;Yahoo Finance(来源) |
种子轮至 Series B 的金额来自分析师和 Tracxn 估计,独立确认有限。Series C–F 的融资额和估值由多家独立媒体来源确认。Series D 和 E 还由 Kalshi Inc. 向 SEC 提交的 SEC Form D 豁免发行通知确认。各轮合计:约 $2.8B。
[CI019, CI020, CI021, CI022, CI023, CI024]从 Series A 到 Series F 追加融资,各轮新增股权资本,六轮机构融资合计约 $2.8B。
Series A 和 B 金额为分析师和 Tracxn 估计;Series C–F 已由多个独立来源确认,包括 SEC Form D 文件。Seed 轮(约 $3.5M)因规模较小未计入。所有数值均为百万美元。
[CI019, CI020, CI021, CI022, CI023, CI024]4.4 成本结构、烧钱速度与财务披露缺口
Kalshi 是一家私有、由 CFTC 指定的合约市场(DCM),无需公开提交经审计财务报表。任何公开来源都没有提供损益表、资产负债表或现金流量表。尚未披露的关键财务指标包括毛利率、运营费用拆分、EBITDA、净利润或亏损,以及烧钱速度。交易所可比业务(期货交易所、有公开可比对象的预测市场)通常能跑出 60–80% 毛利率,但没有 Kalshi 特定证据能验证这一范围。 可观察的成本代理指标包括员工数增长(六个月内从 70 人增至 494 人)、位于 New York City 416 West 13th Street 的总部,以及持续发生的监管合规支出。若按每名员工估计 $200,000 计算,494 人大致对应约 $99 million 年度人工成本;实际全口径成本(福利、股权、基础设施)还会更高。Kalshi 在 early 2026 自查发现 Rule 5.17(z) 违规并承担 CFTC 执法罚款;金额未公开。CFTC 在 April 2026 对 Van Dyke 提起的内幕交易投诉,是首个涉及事件合约的此类案件,确认受监管事件合约市场需要持续监控基础设施,也抬高了 Kalshi 的合规成本底座。 American Gaming Association(AGA)已公开把预测市场平台称作对受监管体育博彩收入的竞争威胁,并推动游说;这些努力可能落成额外州级牌照或运营要求。Massachusetts 州总检察长执法程序和 Arizona 刑事案件(2025 年被一名联邦法官阻止)共同说明,法律抗辩成本会反复出现。体育交易量若因监管收缩 50%——该板块贡献 Kalshi 2025 收入的 89%——无论采用哪种合理利润率假设,都会实质性压伤损益表。[CI030, CI031, CI032, CI033, CI034, CI035]
| 财务指标 | 公开可得性 | 最佳可用代理指标 | 分析影响 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 利润表 | 未披露 | 管理层收入指引(2025 年 $263.5M;2026E 运行率 ~$1.5B) | 无法评估盈利能力;经营杠杆完全未知 |
| 资产负债表 | 未披露 | 累计融资(~$2.8B)减估计已投入资本 | 无法评估现金跑道或资产负债表负债 |
| 毛利率 | 未披露 | 交易所可比区间:~60–80%(仅估计) | 盈利路径只能推测 |
| 运营费用 | 未披露 | 员工数代理:494 × ~$200K/yr ≈ $99M/yr 人工成本 | 没有真实数据,成本基数会被大幅低估 |
| CFTC 罚款金额 | 未披露 | Lowenstein 和 JD Supra 执法摘要中已承认 | 法律责任金额未知;可能重大 |
| 获客成本(CAC) | 未披露 | Robinhood 合作部分降低零售 CAC | CAC-to-LTV 分析不可行 |
| 现金消耗速度 | 未披露 | 无可用代理指标 | 无法分析现金跑道 |
作为受 CFTC 监管的私营 DCM,Kalshi 无义务提交经审计财务报表。公开监管披露只有 SEC Form D 豁免发行通知,后者确认融资额, 但不包含 P&L 或资产负债表数据。
[CI030, CI031, CI032, CI033, CI034]在不同抽成率情景下,以 2025 年交易量和一个示意性的体育交易量受限情景测算收入区间,反映定价压力和监管收缩两类风险。
$50B 交易量基数对应 2025 年 10 月年化数字;2026 年交易量可能大幅更高。体育限制情景基于有记录的 89% 体育收入集中度,并假设交易量下降 50%;这不是预测。
[CI035, CI036, CI037, CI038]4.5 证据材料
05产品与技术
5.1 产品界面与用户工作流
Kalshi 的核心产品是二元事件合约:一份定价在 $0.01 到 $0.99 之间的 Yes 或 No 份额,反映市场对某个现实结果的估计概率。结算时,胜方每份合约支付 $1.00,败方支付 $0.00。用户主要通过三类界面使用交易所。kalshi.com 提供的网页应用支持浏览市场、下单、管理组合和存取款。iOS 与 Android 移动应用延伸了同一套核心流程;Kalshi 提到有移动应用,但本轮研究未能访问到经过验证且仍活跃的 App Store 或 Google Play Store 上架页面。第三,公开 REST 和 WebSocket API 支持算法与程序化交易,形成量化交易者和开发者这一独立用户群。 典型零售用户旅程从开户注册和 ACH 入金开始,随后浏览六大类事件目录:体育(主导品类,2025 年约贡献 89–95% 费用收入)、宏观经济指标(CPI、Federal Reserve 利率决议、GDP)、政治、天气、娱乐和加密货币里程碑。用户选择一个市场,查看当前订单簿和概率,再在 Yes 或 No 方下限价单或市价单。订单可以留待成交(good-till- canceled),也可以设为 immediate-or-cancel。市场结算时,清算自动且即时完成——Kalshi 向每份胜出合约支付 $1.00,不需要用户手动申领。 到 2025 年,Kalshi 已嵌入两家主要券商平台。Robinhood 在 early 2025 推出 Prediction Markets Hub,以 Kalshi 作为底层交易所;到 October 2025,在活跃体育交易日,Robinhood 用户占 Kalshi 日交易量的 25–35%。Webull 也把 Kalshi 事件合约接入其零售交易应用。Kalshi 在 Series E 轮募资用途中把券商 API 策略表述为“add brokerages”,Reuters 也确认这是既定资本配置优先事项。 市场类别同时覆盖数十个事件。体育合约描述使用通用城市名(例如 “Pro Football Champion: Chicago”),而不是官方球队名称和标志,反映其没有来自 NFL、NBA 和 MLB 的联盟数据授权。Federal Reserve 和 Federal Reserve Bank 数据流直接支撑宏观经济市场结算。预测准确性方面,Federal Reserve 在 February 2026 发表的工作论文发现,Kalshi 概率数据在通胀和利率结果上追平或优于传统 Wall Street 预测工具;CNN 和 CNBC 现在也把 Kalshi 概率数据与民调和专家预测并列发布。 国际化方面,平台在 October 2025 完成 $300 million Series D 后扩展到 140 多个国家,同时限制包括 Canada、United Kingdom、France、Singapore 和 Russia 在内的 38 个司法辖区。国际用户使用的功能与美国客户相同。加密货币入金方面,Kalshi 接受最高 $500,000 的 Solana 存款,并通过区块链合作伙伴集成支持 Bitcoin、USDC 和 Worldcoin。[CE001, CE002, CE014, CE015, CE016, CE017]
| 模块 / 入口 | 主要用户 | 状态 / 成熟度 | 差异化 | 尽调缺口 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web 平台(kalshi.com) | 散户、机构 | 已上线 / 成熟(自 2021 年 7 月起) | CFTC 监管的 CLOB 交易所;二元结算;无平台自营对手方 | 前端技术栈和云服务商未披露;研究期间触发 429 限流 |
| 移动 App(iOS / Android) | 散户 | 未确认仍在活跃上架 | 声称功能同等;预计包含开户引导和推送通知 | 本次研究未找到已验证的 App Store 或 Play Store 上架记录 |
| REST API 接口(trade-api/v2) | 算法交易者、开发者 | 已上线 / v3.19.0;已发布 OpenAPI 规格 | 完整 CLOB 访问、14 个功能端点组、演示沙盒环境 | 按层级披露限流;maker-fee 费率表位于保密 CFTC 文件 |
| WebSocket API | 算法交易者、实时数据用户 | 已上线 / 已发布 AsyncAPI 规格 | 订单簿、成交回报和市场状态实时推送 | 延迟 SLA 和可用性 SLA 未发布 |
| Robinhood 嵌入式 Hub | 散户(Robinhood 用户) | 已上线(2025 年 3 月);到 2025 年 10 月约占每日体育交易量 25–35% | 嵌入券商的分发;HOOD 25M+ 用户基础可作为获客渠道 | 收入分成条款和技术集成规格未公开披露 |
| Webull 嵌入式入口 | 散户(Webull 用户) | 已上线(2025) | 第二个券商分发渠道 | 交易量贡献未披露 |
| 区块链充值通道 | 加密原生用户 | 已上线(Solana、Bitcoin、USDC、Worldcoin) | 扩大可触达用户基数;Solana 充值上限 $500K | 智能合约风险和托管方未披露 |
移动 App 状态基于本次研究期间(2026 年 5 月 24 日)App Store / Play Store URL 查询失败;Kalshi 在营销中提及移动 App。 Robinhood 交易量占比来自截至 2025 年 10 月的 CNBC / BraveNewCoin 报道。
[CE001, CE002, CE011, CE012, CE014, CE015]| 用户任务 | 在 Kalshi 上的当前流程 | 平台方案 | 可衡量收益 | 限制 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 押注体育赛果 | 浏览体育市场;按目标价格买入 Yes/No 限价单 | 实时 CLOB 支持 GTC / IOC 订单;结果确认后按二元合约支付 $1.00 | 透明的概率定价;CFTC 监管交易所(无庄家优势) | 无官方球队标识 / 名称;比赛早段无赛中实时市场 |
| 对冲宏观经济敞口 | 在预定公告前买入 CPI 或 Fed 利率合约 | 数据发布后数小时内结算的流动市场;$1.00 二元结算 | 美联储工作论文验证;近实时结算 | 市场深度弱于体育市场;持仓限额未披露 |
| 算法 / API 交易 | 用 API key + RSA 签名认证;以程序化方式提交限价 / 市价单 | REST API(OpenAPI)、WebSocket、Python SDK、演示沙盒 | 可容纳 200K 笔未结订单;14 个端点组;通过 QuickFIX fork 支持 FIX 协议 | Maker-fee 层级在保密 CFTC 文件中;无官方 Go 或 JS SDK |
| 通过 Robinhood / Webull 零售交易 | 在 Robinhood 或 Webull 移动 / Web app 内浏览事件市场 | Kalshi 交易所通过 API 合作嵌入;使用同一底层流动性池 | Robinhood 用户无需单独开户;沿用 HOOD app 熟悉的 UX | 收入分成条款不透明;依赖合作方 app 质量 |
| 选举 / 政治市场交易 | 买入候选人或政策结果的概率合约 | CFTC 批准的选举合约;2024 年赢得 DC 地区法院裁决 | 美国唯一合法提供选举合约的 CFTC 监管平台 | 2026 年 5 月,参议员和工作人员被禁止使用;内幕交易风险上升 |
收益和限制来自官方 API 文档、FT 费用分析和第三方报道。量化深度指标(买卖价差、市场冲击)未公开披露。
[CE001, CE007, CE008, CE014, CE015, CE030]零售用户在 Kalshi 上从开户到交易执行和结算的端到端路径。
[CE001, CE007, CE017, CE019, CE022]5.2 交易所架构与市场机制
Kalshi 以 November 2020 获批的 CFTC 指定合约市场牌照运营集中限价订单簿(CLOB)交易所。生产环境 REST API 托管在 external-api.kalshi.com/trade-api/v2(也可通过 api.elections.kalshi.com/trade-api/v2 访问),开发者测试用 demo/sandbox 环境位于 demo-api.kalshi.co/trade-api/v2。截至本报告,当前 API 版本为 v3.19.0。实时市场数据通过 WebSocket API 推送,并受公开 AsyncAPI 规范约束,订阅者无需轮询即可接收实时订单簿更新、成交回报和市场状态变化。 交易所收费模型采用 maker-taker 结构,taker 费用按二次函数计算。taker fee 以合约当前价格为自变量校准,因此中间价格(约 $0.40– $0.60)的单股费用最高,接近两端时费用更低。这种设计鼓励真正不确定的中间概率区间形成流动性。Maker fee 于 2025 年春季引入,并在夏季大幅重构,主要适用于体育市场。约 40% 的全部份额会在市场关闭前两小时内交易,而体育市场通常能在预定事件后一小时内可靠结算,因此平台能从高频体育交易中获取大量费用收入。 为支撑机构交易量和流动性供给,Kalshi 在 May 2025 推出 Market Maker Program。已知成员包括 Susquehanna Investment Group 和 Kalshi Trading LLC;后者是 Kalshi 的关联实体,本身也在平台交易,Financial Times 称这种关系“多少有些争议”。做市商费率表和交易约束写在保密 CFTC 文件中,而非公开披露;大交易者也有资格获得部分返佣。这种不透明让外部无法独立验证实际费用收益率。 订单簿机制支持限价单和市价单,time-in-force 选项包括 immediate-or-cancel(IOC)和 good-till-canceled(GTC)。API 还可用过期时间戳创建 expiring order 变体(GTT,good-till-time),不过 API 文档说明它是内部执行类型,本质是带 expiration_ts 字段的 GTC。每名用户可同时持有最多 200,000 个未完成订单。平台还为大宗交易提供 RFQ(request-for-quote)端点,并为复杂的相关结果合约支持多变量事件市场。结算是二元且自动的:市场结算时,Kalshi 直接向用户账户计入胜出合约每份 $1.00、亏损合约每份 $0.00。 峰值交易量已经证明平台基础设施规模:活跃事件期,Kalshi 每周处理约 $2 billion;February 2026 的 Super Bowl LX 单日处理 $1 billion。公开资料没有 SLA、正常运行时间数据或事故历史,这是机构交易对手尽调中的一项缺口。[CE001, CE003, CE004, CE007, CE008, CE018]
| 层级 / 组件 | 作用 | 关键依赖 | 风险 |
|---|---|---|---|
| REST API 接口(trade-api/v2) | 交易执行、市场数据获取、账户管理 | Kalshi 自有基础设施;OpenAPI 规格驱动端点;Web 层使用 Vercel CDN | 在 kalshi.com 观察到限流(429)响应;API 稳定性未披露 |
| WebSocket API | 订单簿更新和成交的实时流式推送 | 已发布 AsyncAPI 规格;底层消息代理未披露 | 未发布 SLA;故障历史不可得 |
| 中央限价订单簿 | 价格发现和交易撮合 | 专有交易所引擎;CFTC 监管场所 | 技术供应商或自研程度未披露 |
| 结算引擎 | 事件结果后自动二元结算为 $1.00/$0.00 | 外部数据预言机(新闻来源、官方数据发布、CFTC 确认) | 合约措辞歧义风险(Khamenei 案);文档未正式指定预言机来源 |
| Python SDK(kalshi-python) | 面向认证 REST 访问的开发者集成层 | OpenAPI Generator v7.15.0;Python 3.9+;PyPI 分发 | 轻微:SDK 为自动生成;若 API 快速变化,社区维护会承压 |
| QuickFIX/Go Fork | FIX 4.0–5.0 SP2 机构连接 | Go 1.21+;Kalshi 维护的社区 QuickFIX/Go fork | Kalshi 端点的 FIX 会话规格定制细节未披露 |
| 地理围栏层 | 州级司法管辖执行(Massachusetts 体育禁令) | IP geolocation 服务商未披露;可能使用 Vercel edge functions | 每次新增州裁决都会带来工程开销;IP spoofing 攻击面 |
| 区块链充值通道 | 加密入金通道(Solana、Bitcoin、USDC、Worldcoin) | Solana 链、Base(Coinbase L2)、托管合作方未披露 | 托管风险;智能合约风险;加密通道的监管处理不明确 |
架构根据官方 API 文档(docs.kalshi.com)、GitHub 仓库和已发布媒体报道重建。内部技术栈(前端框架、云服务商、数据库、消息代理)未公开披露。
[CE002, CE003, CE004, CE005, CE009, CE010]Kalshi 技术架构的分层视图,从用户界面下钻到交易所基础设施和合规控制。
API 层以下技术栈(云服务商、数据库、消息代理、前端框架)根据公开开发者文档和 GitHub 仓库分析推断;没有内部基础设施披露。
[CE002, CE003, CE005, CE007, CE009, CE011]Kalshi 交易所运营依赖的关键外部关系,包括监管、数据、技术和分销关系。
[CE014, CE015, CE016, CE018, CE023, CE027]5.3 开发者 API 与集成接口
在 CFTC 监管交易所中,Kalshi 搭出了最易接入的开发者界面之一。docs.kalshi.com 官方 API 文档门户提供完整 OpenAPI 3.0 规范和 WebSocket API 的 AsyncAPI 规范,两者都可下载用于代码生成。门户包含入门指南、API key 管理演示、demo 环境参考、WebSocket 流式教程、术语表和变更日志——这套专业开发者文档栈可与金融科技 API 头部公司相比。认证使用 API key 加 RSA 或 ECDSA 私钥签名,请求通过三个请求头签名:kalshiAccessKey、kalshiAccessSignature 和 kalshiAccessTimestamp。 速率限制采用按 API 层级划分的 token-bucket 系统;默认每次请求消耗 10 个 token,API 文档通过专用端点(GET /account/limits)暴露各层级限制。更高交易量的机构层级 可用,该端点会返回包含 usage_tier、read 和 write 限制的结构化响应。API 规范 v3.19.0 覆盖 14 个功能组:account、api-keys、orders、order-groups、portfolio、communications(RFQ)、multivariate、exchange、live-data、markets、milestone、search、incentive-programs、FCM(futures commission merchant 成员端点)、events 和 structured-targets。 SDK 方面,Kalshi 在 PyPI 发布 kalshi-python(v2.1.4),由 OpenAPI Generator v7.15.0 基于 OpenAPI 规范生成,支持 Python 3.9 及以上版本。该包包含 KalshiClient,封装对生产端点(https://api.elections.kalshi.com/trade-api/v2)的认证调用。GitHub 上 Kalshi 组织下的 kalshi-starter-code-python 仓库(本轮研究时 94 stars、69 forks)提供认证 API 访问的最小示例代码;tools-and-analysis(19 stars、10 forks)托管社区贡献分析,使用 Kalshi 市场数据研究 S&P/CPI 相关性并衡量共识。Kalshi 还 fork 并维护 QuickFIX/Go(原仓库 353 forks),这是领先的开源 Go FIX Protocol 库,支持 FIX 4.0 到 FIX 5.0 SP2——明确信号是,Kalshi 正在为高频交易者和算法交易团队建设机构级 FIX 连接能力。 券商集成方面,Kalshi 的 Series E 公告明确把“add brokerages”列为资本用途优先事项。Robinhood 集成(early 2025 上线)和 Webull 合作构成公开参考实现。Kalshi 也提供区块链入金通道:最高 $500,000 的 Solana 存款、Bitcoin、USDC 和 Worldcoin。面向第三方应用开发者的开发者资助计划覆盖 Solana 和 Base(Coinbase 的 L2)。尽管 API 界面强健,移动应用商店存在性仍未能从公开上架信息确认;除 Python 外,Kalshi 没有发布其他语言官方 SDK,Go 和 JavaScript 开发者只能依赖社区封装或直接用 OpenAPI 生成代码。[CE002, CE003, CE004, CE005, CE006, CE009]
| 阶段 / 日期 | 功能 / 里程碑 | 状态 | 含义 | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| July 2021 | 公共平台上线;REST API v1 | 历史 | 确立首个受 CFTC 监管的事件合约交易所 API | Wikipedia / Bravenewcoin |
| November 2020 | 获得 CFTC DCM 牌照 | 历史 | 为受监管 API 访问和机构信任打基础 | CFTC 新闻稿 |
| Early 2025 | Robinhood Prediction Markets Hub 已上线;Webull 集成 | 已上线 | 券商 API 放大分发;25-35% 体育交易量来自 HOOD | CNBC / Bravenewcoin / Reuters |
| May 2025 | 做市商计划启动(Susquehanna、Kalshi Trading) | 已上线 | 机构流动性加深订单簿;高交易量交易者获得手续费返还 | FT 分析 |
| Oct 2025 | 扩张至 140+ 个国家;接入 Solana / 区块链入金通道 | 已上线 | 开发者可触达市场扩至海外;加密入金通道已上线 | Bravenewcoin |
| Dec 2025 | Series E 轮($1B);披露用途:增加券商、媒体合作伙伴并扩展产品 | 已融资 | 后续券商接入和媒体分发交易在推进中 | Reuters / Crunchbase |
| 当前(API v3.19.0) | 新增 structured-targets、milestones、FCM 端点和多变量市场 | 已上线 | API 能力面向机构和复杂事件场景扩展 | docs.kalshi.com API 规范 |
| 2026 年路线图信号 | 估值 $22B 的 Series F 轮(Coatue 领投,March 2026);聚焦“下一个 1 亿用户” | 已融资 | 消费者规模、更多券商 / 媒体合作会继续推进;Go 和 JS SDK 仍缺席 | Time 杂志 / Fintech Global / Gamblinginsider |
路线图信号来自融资公告和披露的资金用途推断。截至 May 2026,Kalshi 尚未发布官方产品路线图。
[CE003, CE005, CE013, CE014, CE018, CE027]从成熟度和竞争差异化维度评估 Kalshi 关键产品与技术能力。
成熟度评分是研究作者基于公开证据作出的定性评估;0 表示确认缺失,5 表示有同类最佳的文档证据。
[CE002, CE005, CE011, CE012, CE013, CE014]5.4 信任、合规与运营控制
Kalshi 的合规与信任架构建立在 CFTC Designated Contract Market 牌照上,因此需要接受 CFTC 市场监控、规则执行义务和报告要求,监管层级与 CME Group 相同。作为 DCM,Kalshi 必须监管市场操纵和内幕交易;CFTC 执法主任 David Miller 在 April 2026 的声明中明确把 DCM 定义为“第一道防线”,进一步强化了这项责任。Kalshi Exchange Rule 5.17(z) 将内幕交易禁令写入规则,禁止任何属于“决策者”、或对事件结果有直接或间接影响力的交易者交易相关合约。 April 2026,Kalshi 对参与自身选举市场交易的政治候选人发布三份纪律处分通知,说明即便是小额违规也会触发主动执法(罚款从 $540 到 $6,229 不等)。CFTC 同时提交首个涉及事件合约的内幕交易投诉。Kalshi 在政策上明确禁止战争市场、暗杀市场和以死亡为条件的合约。early 2026,该政策受到考验:Kalshi 冻结了一个与 Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei 死后状态相关的市场,扣留了押注其会“out”的交易者约 $77 million 奖金。这一结果引发明显用户批评,也暴露合约语言和结算方法的不透明风险。 地理围栏被用作技术合规机制。January 2026 Massachusetts Superior Court 发布临时禁令后,Kalshi 实施州级地理围栏,阻止 Massachusetts 居民访问体育相关市场。这项地理围栏能力(由 Wikipedia 对法院命令的引用确认)说明平台可以按地理位置细粒度限制市场访问,但每一次州级法律挑战都可能要求新增过滤规则,从而增加工程开销。 数据完整性方面,Federal Reserve 在 February 2026 发布的工作论文发现,Kalshi 概率信号在 CPI 和利率预测上追平或优于 Wall Street 工具,为其提供外部学术可信度。CNN 和 CNBC 在直播报道中采用 Kalshi 数据,进一步佐证市场对其数据质量的认知。不过,包括 Wikipedia 引述学者在内的批评者质疑 Kalshi 是否能高效聚合信息;The Atlantic March 2026 的文章还明确认为,预测市场把新闻事件金融化,会鼓励内幕交易并侵蚀信任。 运营上,Kalshi 的资金隔离模式与 CFTC 监管交易所一致:按照 DCM 规则,用户资金与运营资本分开持有。平台按 CFTC 规定设有 KYC/AML 流程,但具体实施细节未公开。公开 uptime SLA、历史事故披露和外部安全审计均缺失,这是机构交易对手的重大尽调缺口。[CE023, CE024, CE025, CE026, CE027, CE028]
| 控制 / 认证 | 状态 | 范围 | 缺口 / 尽调问题 |
|---|---|---|---|
| CFTC 指定合约市场牌照 | 已生效(自 November 2020 起) | 所有美国挂牌事件合约及运营 | 未公开 DCM 审计结果;合规团队规模未披露 |
| CFTC 市场监测项目 | DCM 规则要求;已有执法案例证明在运行 | 所有挂牌市场;按 Rule 5.17(z) 监测内幕交易 | 监测技术供应商和方法未披露 |
| 内幕交易禁令(Rule 5.17(z)) | 已生效;April 22, 2026 公布三项纪律处分 | 所有可能影响事件结果的交易者 | 刑事移送门槛和与 CFTC 协同流程未披露 |
| 战争 / 暗杀市场禁令 | 政策已生效;按个案执法 | Kalshi 上所有事件合约 | 政策未以可完整搜索的形式写入公开规则手册;Khamenei 案显示边界情形存在模糊性 |
| 地理围栏(州级体育市场准入) | 已启用(遵守 Massachusetts 禁令,January 2026) | 面向 Massachusetts IP 地址的体育市场 | 地理围栏供应商未披露;可能挡不住 VPN 绕过 |
| KYC / AML | CFTC DCM 注册要求 | 所有用户开户和入金 | 实施供应商、拒绝率和 SAR 申报量未披露 |
| 资金隔离 | CFTC DCM 规则要求 | 所有用户存入资金与运营资本分开持有 | 未公开指明第三方托管方或审计方 |
| API 限速控制 | 已启用;按账户层级使用令牌桶 | 所有已认证 API 会话 | 层级阈值部分披露;机构层级未公开列明 |
状态依据 CFTC 公开文件、JD Supra 法律分析、Wikipedia 法庭记录和官方 API 文档判断。“已生效”表示找到了执法或披露证据;“缺口”项表示截至 May 2026 仍未公开的信息。
[CE024, CE025, CE026, CE027, CE039, CE010]5.5 产品缺口、事件与战略隐忧
完整评估 Kalshi 平台时,几个结构性产品和技术缺口很关键。第一,Kalshi 没有 NFL、NBA、MLB 的官方联盟数据授权(三者都在 2025 年向 CFTC 提交信函,表达对 Kalshi 体育市场的担忧),因此不能在市场展示中使用官方球队名称、标志或经验证的实时比分。体育市场只能使用 “Pro Football Champion: Chicago” 等通用城市名,而不是 “Chicago Bears win Super Bowl”。DraftKings 和 FanDuel 拥有完整联盟数据协议,在这一维度上形成明显用户体验优势。 第二,early 2026 的 Khamenei 结算争议暴露合约歧义。Kalshi 反对“death-contingent”合约的政策,并未被押注 Khamenei 是否会“out of office”的用户清楚识别;$77 million 冻结赔付造成声誉事件,也呼应了非标准化合约语言内生的结算风险。新型资产类别都会遇到这种结构性挑战:其合约语言没有大宗商品和股票衍生品那种数十年法律解释积累。 第三,本轮研究无法从 Apple App Store 或 Google Play 访问到经验证的移动应用上架页面,引发关于应用分发连续性或可能下架的疑问。若得到确认,这将是显著的用户获取和留存缺口,因为在竞争性体育投注 和金融科技市场中,移动端是零售参与者的主要交易界面。 第四,平台对自身网站限流(研究期间 kalshi.com 返回 429 错误)暗示其 Vercel-based CDN/WAF 配置可能限制可发现性和基于抓取的集成——这是小产品问题,但如果 API 文档或公开市场数据同样受限,就会影响开发者生态信任。 第五,截至 May 2026,国会和州级法律风险显著升高。January 2026 以来已提出 10 多项法案,包括两党 PREDICT Act、End Prediction Market Corruption Act 和 Prediction Markets Are Gambling Act;任何一项若通过,都可能实质性限制或消除 Kalshi 的体育市场产品线。至少六个州(Massachusetts、Arizona、Nevada、Ohio、Wisconsin、Michigan)已采取主动法律行动,U.S. Senate 也在 May 2026 禁止参议员和员工使用预测市场。虽然 Kalshi 的 CFTC DCM 地位提供了联邦优先适用论点,但相互冲突的地区法院裁决(Ohio 在 March 2026 支持反对 Kalshi 的一方;Nevada 发出 14-day 限制令)制造出拼图式运营环境,要求平台持续更新地理围栏并监控法律进展。[CE023, CE029, CE032, CE033, CE040]
5.6 证据材料
06客户情况
6.1 客户组合与使用场景
Kalshi 不公布清晰的渠道结构,但客户基数明显分层。直接产品面向零售交易者,他们用简单是 / 否合约表达对体育、经济、政治、天气、文化和其他新闻驱动结果的看法。应用商店文案明确瞄准体育粉丝、对冲金融风险的投资者、预测者,以及搭建自动化策略的开发者;独立评测则认为,在受监管的美国交易平台中,Kalshi 的市场选择异常宽。第二层客户来自券商分发。Robinhood 把 Kalshi 支撑的事件合约嵌入既有券商流程,Webull 也宣布了类似合作,这意味着部分用户主要把 Kalshi 体验为基础设施,而不是独立目的地。第三层是机构或企业用户。Kalshi 现在维护企业账户接入流程和运行中的做市商计划,说明流动性提供者和专业交易实体也在客户集合里,不只是终端消费者交易者。[CU001, CU002, CU003, CU004, CU006, CU007]
| 客群 | 买方 / 用户 / 付款方 | 主要用例 | 公开证据 | 主要缺口 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 直接零售体育交易者 | 个人交易者自行付费并交易 | 比赛结果、总分、专项合约、冠军 | App Store 文案、Yahoo 橄榄球扩张报道和评测网站都显示,体育是最大的直接使用场景 | 未公开按运动项目或赛季拆分的活跃交易者数量 |
| 直接零售宏观 / 新闻交易者 | 个人交易者或对冲者 | Fed、CPI、GDP、天气、选举等头条事件 | App Store 文案、Robinhood 支持页和评论都把经济、政治与体育并列 | 未披露宏观用户与体育用户的拆分 |
| Robinhood 分发的零售用户 | Robinhood 客户仍是账户持有人;Kalshi 提供基础设施 | 在既有券商应用内交易经过筛选的事件合约 | Robinhood 支持页、The Block、NexusFi 和 Alphascope 都描述了无需单独 Kalshi 账户的内嵌事件合约 | Kalshi 直营侧无法公开证明该渠道的留存或利润率质量 |
| Webull 分发的零售用户 | Webull 客户通过券商界面交易 | 事件合约嵌入 Webull 分发渠道 | PRNewswire 公布该合作,并提到事件合约将通过 Webull 平台提供 | 公开证据尚未量化实际上线后的转化或交易量 |
| 机构或企业账户 | 实体申请方、专业交易者和交易台 | 通过企业开户和伙伴工作流交易受监管市场 | 机构开户页面、Tradeweb 合作和 Clear Street 合作都提到机构准入 | 未公开机构账户数量或收入占比 |
| 做市商 / 流动性提供者 | 专业交易公司或交易台 | 提供连续双边流动性,并收窄订单簿价差 | Kalshi 的做市商计划已上线,列出覆盖体育、加密和宏观标的的产品 | 未公开披露具名参与者或实际报价质量 |
各客群行反映 2026-05-24 可见的公开客户触点。Kalshi 未发布正式渠道结构,因此付款方和用户角色来自开户流程和伙伴描述的推断。
[CU001, CU002, CU003, CU004, CU007, CU009]Kalshi 的客户旅程始于被头条驱动的发现,随后经历 KYC 和入金摩擦,再分化为自有直连、券商和机构三条路径。
这些阶段根据官方入驻页面、合作伙伴分销文档、应用商店证据和独立评测推断,因为 Kalshi 不发布正式转化地图。
[CU001, CU004, CU009, CU010, CU013, CU027]6.2 采用轨迹与分发渠道
最强的公开增长证据不是已披露的活跃交易者队列,而是宽用户基数、应用商店证据和券商渠道交易量的组合。TIME 称,到 April 2026,Kalshi 用户超过 5 million。2026-05-24,iOS 应用显示 121,000 个评分、均分 4.7 / 5;Google Play 显示 23.9 thousand 条评论、均分 4.7。对一个小众金融产品来说,这种社会证明异常庞大。Reuters 另行报道其周交易量超过 $1 billion,并称 Kalshi 计划用新融资加速消费者采用、增加券商并深化媒体合作。券商分发已经重要。Robinhood 由 Kalshi 支撑的产品据报道仅在 Q2 2025 就带来约 $1 billion 合约交易量,超过 Kalshi 当季交易量一半;Robinhood 后来又把合作扩展到橄榄球合约。Webull 增加了另一条大型零售渠道,其全球注册用户超过 20 million;不过公开证据对实际 Webull 转化的说明仍少于对合作本身的说明。[CU007, CU008, CU017, CU018, CU019, CU029]
| 指标或代理 | 数值 / 观察 | 日期 | 来源质量 | 含义 | 缺失分母 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 公开用户数 | 超过 5 million 名用户 | 2026-04-30 | TIME / 高可信度 | 证明消费者规模已越过小众早期用户 | 未披露 DAU、MAU 或入金账户数 |
| iOS 评分足迹 | 4.7 / 5,来自 121K 个评分 | 2026-05-24 | App Store / 高 | iPhone 上具备大规模直接消费者社会证明 | 评分不等于活跃交易者或净推荐者 |
| Android 评论足迹 | 4.7 / 5,来自 23.9K 条评论 | 2026-05-24 | Google Play / 高 | 除 iOS 外,Android 也有可观采用 | 评论无法单独识别美国入金交易者 |
| 原生平台活动规模 | 每周交易量超过 $1B | 2025-12-02 | Reuters / 高 | 显示头条市场有足够活动支撑重复交易 | 周交易量不等于唯一客户数 |
| 券商渠道规模 | Q2 2025 Robinhood 合约约 $1B,占 Kalshi 季度交易量过半 | 2025-08 和 2026 报道回看 2025 Q2 | 独立新闻 / 中 | 券商分发已经重要,不再只是实验 | 未披露 Kalshi 合约在 Robinhood 的毛利率或活跃用户数 |
| Robinhood 产品使用 | 截至 mid-2026,1M+ 用户交易 9B+ 份合约 | 2026 | PredictionNews / 中 | 事件合约借助券商分发触达了广泛零售参与者 | 该指标覆盖整个产品,不只是 Kalshi 直营账户 |
| 渠道扩张优先级 | 增加券商并加快消费者采用 | 2025-12-02 | Reuters / 高 | 管理层仍把通过分发伙伴获客放在优先位置 | 未披露按渠道拆分的 CAC 或回本周期 |
这条轨迹使用用户数和应用商店代理指标,因为 Kalshi 未公开披露按渠道拆分的活跃交易者、入金账户或队列曲线。
[CU017, CU018, CU019, CU030, CU031, CU032]| 交易对手 | 客群 | 部署 / 用例 | 生产或试点 | 结果或证据 | 局限 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robinhood | 零售分发伙伴 | 面向政治、经济、体育及后续橄榄球的 Prediction Markets Hub | 生产环境 | 官方支持文章加独立上线报道显示,Kalshi 合约已在 Robinhood 内实际分发 | 未公开披露 Robinhood 渠道内 Kalshi 的留存、收入分成或客户满意度 |
| Webull | 零售分发伙伴 | 通过 Webull 券商平台分发事件合约 | 已宣布生产推出 | Webull / PRNewswire 宣布 Kalshi 事件合约,并把预测市场定位为快速增长的资产类别 | 公开来源集尚未量化 Webull 用户的实际采用 |
| Tradeweb | 机构分发伙伴 | 预测数据、分析以及可能的机构事件合约门户 | 战略合作 / 建设中 | Tradeweb 表示,希望将 Kalshi 数据和工作流触达 3,000+ 家机构客户 | 这是合作证据,不是已披露的机构客户数量 |
| Clear Street | 机构清算和准入伙伴 | 机构 FCM 会员、清算、大宗交易、掉期和 ETF 基础设施 | 生产合作 | Clear Street 表示,自己成为 Kalshi 交易所及清算所首家机构 FCM 会员 | 底层机构终端客户名单仍未公开 |
这些行覆盖截至 2026-05-24 抓取来源中出现的全部具名公开客户、渠道或机构交易对手;本章未发现 Kalshi 发布具名直营企业终端客户。
[CU003, CU004, CU006, CU007, CU011, CU012]这是一个定性相对指数漏斗,展示广泛消费者触达如何收窄为公开可证明的少量持久客户结果。
数值以漏斗顶部 100 为指数,不代表已披露客户数。它们可视化的是证据强度,而非经审计转化率。
[CU017, CU018, CU019, CU027, CU030, CU031]6.3 客户体验证据
公开用户证据明显混合,并非单向利好。庞大的应用商店足迹说明,许多用户认为产品足够容易上手;多名评论者称赞界面清爽、市场覆盖广,并认为产品比离岸加密原生替代品更简单。独立应用 评测也强化了这一点:移动体验接近桌面端、对新手友好,并覆盖 iOS 和 Android。但负面记录同样强。App Store 和 Google Play 页面反复出现关于更新有缺陷、实时市场屏幕过时、下单入口混乱和客服缓慢的投诉。Trustpilot February 2026 截图只给 Kalshi 2.1 / 5;PissedConsumer 基于 10 条评论给出 1.5 星。这些投诉界面持续提到提款延迟、KYC 卡住、结算争议以及难以联系真人。结论是:产品吸引力真实存在,但服务质量和边缘案例处理仍是重大风险。[CU016, CU018, CU019, CU020, CU021, CU022]
| 信号 | 数值 | 客群 | 置信度 | 指向什么 | 尽调问题 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| iOS 客户评分 | 4.7 / 5,来自 121K 个评分 | 直接零售 iPhone 用户 | 高 | 活跃反馈规模大,iOS 产品吸引力整体较强 | 索取 iOS 活跃交易者、入金账户转化和重复交易频率 |
| Android 客户评分 | 4.7 / 5,来自 23.9K 条评论 | 直接零售 Android 用户 | 中 | Android 足迹也可观,降低采用仅限 iPhone 小众人群的可能性 | 索取 Android 入金账户转化和 Android 交易量占比 |
| 聚合评论分数 | 4.2 / 5,来自 Alphascope 汇总 | 跨平台零售用户 | 低 | 即便存在投诉,部分用户仍看重监管属性、出金和易用性 | 索取逐来源 NPS 或 CSAT,而不是第三方汇总 |
| 负面评论足迹 | Trustpilot 2.1 / 5;PissedConsumer 1.5 / 5 | 不满意的零售用户 | 中 | 投诉严重度足以说明支持或结算摩擦并非小事 | 索取支持 SLA、投诉率和投诉解决时间 |
| 重复渠道活动代理指标 | Robinhood 用户在 Q2 2025 交易约 $1B,并在 mid-2026 前交易 9B+ 份合约 | 券商分发的零售用户 | 中 | 该产品看起来有足够粘性,能在重大事件中支撑重复合约周转 | 索取重复交易者队列和渠道级留存 |
| 留存指标披露 | 未公开披露 | 所有客群 | 高 | 公开采用证据不能直接变成 NRR、GRR 或低流失可持续性的证据 | 要求提供队列、续约曲线和按渠道拆分的客户集中度 |
这些行混合了直接评分、负面投诉和交易量代理指标。留存披露为空本身就是来自抓取来源集的公开发现,不是漏掉了一行。
[CU018, CU019, CU021, CU022, CU024, CU030]客户验证在直连零售应用参与和券商分销上最强,在已披露留存和直接企业客户标识上最弱。
矩阵单元格概括抓取来源集体现的证据质量,不是公司发布的评分卡。“未知”表示公开章节证据未给出可靠答案。
[CU004, CU007, CU009, CU010, CU011, CU012]6.4 机构参与、留存线索与切换成本
机构和专业参与已不再停留在纸面上。Kalshi 有运行中的做市商计划、企业接入界面、面向 3,000 多家机构客户的 Tradeweb 合作,以及 Clear Street 合作;后者把首个机构 FCM 成员带入交易所和清算所。这些证据支撑了真实的流动性提供者和专业用户群,尽管公开资料没有披露具名对冲基金客户或机构收入占比。留存和切换成本方面,证据有提示性但不足以定论。直接 Kalshi 用户面临真实开户摩擦:他们必须通过 KYC、为独立账户入金,并学习 Kalshi 自己的下单和费率模型。Robinhood 让用户用既有现金余额和券商凭证交易同一底层合约,消除了许多摩擦,但也只提供更经筛选的一部分市场。这意味着直接 Kalshi 可能留住更进阶、参与更深的用户,而券商渠道可能最大化获客和便利性。仍缺失的是队列数据:它需要证明任一路径是否真的能随时间留住并扩张用户。[CU004, CU006, CU009, CU010, CU011, CU012]
| 驱动因素或风险 | 公开证据 | 对客户的影响 | 严重性 | 尽调路径 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对 Robinhood 渠道依赖 | 独立报道称,某些时期 Robinhood 占 Kalshi 交易量过半 | 大规模用户触达有价值,但单一券商可能在费率、曝光或产品条款上获得议价权 | 高 | 索取原生应用、Robinhood 与其他券商的交易量、收入和贡献利润率拆分 |
| 体育集中度 | TIME 和 Webopedia 都称,2025 年约 89% 收入来自体育合约 | 客户活动和变现可能比多元事件组合更季节性,也更容易引发法律争议 | 高 | 索取体育、经济、政治和长尾类别的收入与活跃用户拆分 |
| 直营与券商体验分化 | Robinhood 消除了单独开户摩擦,而 Kalshi 直营提供更完整的目录和高级功能 | 即便 Kalshi 原生端经济性或工具更好,用户也可能流向更省事的渠道 | 中 | 索取渠道留存和跨渠道迁移数据 |
| 公开证据显示机构增长仍处早期 | Tradeweb 和 Clear Street 证明了需求,但未披露机构账户数量 | 机构上行空间可信,但还不足以量化进承销模型 | 中 | 索取机构账户数量、平均余额及交易量或费用占比 |
| 支持与 KYC 摩擦 | 支持仅限数字渠道,投诉论坛反复提到 KYC 和出金问题 | 即使获客仍强,服务失败也会推高流失 | 高 | 索取支持积压、首次响应时间、KYC 失败或重提率 |
本表区分可见增长驱动因素,以及若管理不紧就会削弱客户耐久性的集中度和服务风险。
[CU025, CU026, CU027, CU028, CU030, CU034]6.5 投诉、流失风险与未解尽调缺口
主要客户风险不是缺少兴趣或触达,而是集中度、服务可靠性和持续性证据缺失。第一,变现高度集中于体育:TIME 和 Webopedia 都称体育贡献了 2025 年约 89% 收入,这意味着头部参与度和流动性很可能随体育赛历涨落。第二,券商集中度正在变得重要。独立报道称,Robinhood 在某些时期已占 Kalshi 交易量的一半以上;如果券商条款或监管变化,渠道依赖风险就会显著暴露。第三,投诉论坛反复指向提款延迟、KYC 循环、客服瓶颈和结算争议——即便核心产品有吸引力,这些边缘案例失败也会推动用户流失。最后,公开记录没有披露 NRR、GRR、续约率、渠道结构、客户集中度或企业客户留存。投资者可以对采用和分发做判断;仅凭公开材料,仍无法有把握地判断持续性。[CU021, CU022, CU025, CU026, CU034, CU035]
| 问题 | 代表性证据 | 为何重要 | 严重性 | 当前状态 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 出金延迟或资金冻结 | Trustpilot 和 PissedConsumer 都有关于出金失败、延迟出金和余额冻结的投诉 | 提现失败会直接伤害信任,并可能触发快速流失或监管投诉 | 高 | 反复出现的投诉主题;未披露公开 SLA |
| KYC / 授权循环 | Trustpilot、PissedConsumer 和独立评测都提到反复验证或授权摩擦 | 开户摩擦会压低转化,也可能卡住更高金额出金或重新激活 | 高 | 反复出现的投诉主题;官方 KYC 规则解释了摩擦来源,但没有给出失败率 |
| 支持瓶颈 | App Store 评论、Finder 和官方帮助中心指南都指向聊天或邮件支持,没有电话升级 | 交易和结算有时效性,支持响应慢会把产品错误转化为客户损失 | 高 | 反复出现的投诉主题;未公开披露人员配置或响应时间 |
| 结算 / 判定争议 | Trustpilot 和 App Store 评论提到,部分市场按技术细节或在长时间等待后才判定 | 新闻驱动和体育交易者尤其怕判定不公,感知到不公平会很伤 | 高 | 反复出现的投诉主题;未公开披露争议率 |
| 没有公开留存或集中度指标 | 抓取来源披露了采用代理指标,但没有披露续约、流失、渠道经济性或头部客户敞口 | 只靠公开材料,投资人无法有把握地承销客户耐久性 | 重大 | 截至 2026-05-24 的待补尽调缺口 |
本表聚焦反向证据和仍待补的尽调事项,不展开产品正面特征;相关内容已在本章其他部分覆盖。
[CU021, CU022, CU026, CU027, CU039, CU040]07风险
7.1 监管姿态与联邦地位
在 2026 年金融科技公司中,Kalshi 处在诉讼最活跃的监管边界之一。公司在 Commodity Futures Trading Commission 同时注册为 Designated Contract Market 和 Derivatives Clearing Organization,这意味着它受 Commodity Exchange Act 核心原则监管,而不是州博彩法监管。September 2024,D.C. District Court 撤销了 CFTC 对 Kalshi 国会控制权事件合约的否决;May 2025,CFTC 正式撤回上诉,实际上结束了联邦层面对注册交易所政治预测市场的反对。这一姿态对 Kalshi 产品组合有实质帮助,但也招致 Better Markets 等独立监督机构严厉批评,后者认为 CFTC 已从选举诚信监管中后退。March 2026,CFTC 发布预测市场执法指引,明确其 Section 6(c)(1) 和 Rule 180.1 反操纵权力覆盖事件合约交易;即便关乎存亡的选举合约之争已经解决,联邦执法风险仍然存在。民主党议员又在 April 2026 敦促 CFTC 重启对 Kalshi 和 Polymarket 的审查,House Oversight 和 Financial Services 两个委员会也在 May 2026 对 KYC 和交易监控实践展开正式调查。因此,联邦地位并非无人管理的风险,但也没有收口:CFTC 姿态若逆转,或针对官员、体育合约的新立法出现,都会直接打击 Kalshi 的收入基底。[CR001, CR002, CR003, CR004, CR005, CR006]
热力图按发生可能性(列)和影响程度(行)映射 Kalshi 的主要风险;每个单元格列出该格的主导风险。
单元格位置基于本章法律、监管、运营和客户证据的定性综合;不是定量概率模型。
[CR002, CR007, CR009, CR014, CR015, CR017]7.2 跨州、部落和集体诉讼的活跃案件组合
即便联邦压力回落,Kalshi 仍在多条战线应对州级和私人诉讼。Massachusetts 州总检察长在 January 2026 赢得临时禁令,阻止 Kalshi 向 Massachusetts 居民提供体育事件合约。Maryland 联邦法院在 August 2025 拒绝禁止州监管机构对 Kalshi 执行博彩法;Nevada 联邦法院在 November 2025 命令 Kalshi 停止在该州提供体育预测合约,Ninth Circuit 又在 February 2026 拒绝中止该禁令。Montana 第二次发布停止令 后,Kalshi 已反诉 Montana;Third Circuit 在 April 2026 裁定,Kalshi 可在上诉期间继续在 New Jersey 提供体育合约。Ho-Chunk Nation 等部落实体已提起联邦诉讼,主张 Kalshi 体育市场违反排他性协议;部落联盟也已向 Third Circuit 提交法庭之友意见书。Brown v. Kalshi 是 April 2026 提起的拟议联邦集体诉讼,指称 Kalshi 打着事件合约旗号运营无牌体育博彩平台。Arizona 针对参与 $54 million Khamenei 争议市场交易者的刑事式执法,又增加了结算完整性维度。到 2026 年中,至少七个州已发布停止令或提起执法行动;尽管 Kalshi 赢下更广泛的联邦选举合约之争,它在至少两项州导向联邦程序(Nevada 和 Maryland)中已在实体问题上败诉。诉讼登记表列出了 2026-05-24 追踪的主要事项。[CR007, CR008, CR009, CR010, CR011, CR012]
| 规则 / 牌照 / 案件 | 司法辖区 | 状态(2026-05-24) | 可能性 | 严重性 | 缓释措施 | 剩余敞口 | 尽调路径 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KalshiEX v. CFTC(选举合约) | 联邦(D.C. Circuit / DDC) | CFTC 于 2025-05-05 撤回上诉;Kalshi 保留选举合约 | 低(重新诉讼) | 致命(若被推翻会危及公司生存) | CFTC 注册的 DCM 与 DCO 身份;持续披露政治市场 | 新政府若重启议题,会带来声誉风险 | 跟踪 CFTC 案卷以及任何关于事件合约资格的新规则制定 |
| 马萨诸塞州总检察长执法 | 马萨诸塞州 | 2026-01-15 签发临时禁令,阻止体育合约 | 高 | 高 | 主张联邦优先权;减少面向马萨诸塞州的营销 | 马萨诸塞州禁令持续至上诉解决 | 跟踪上诉案卷和任何和解 |
| 内华达州博彩法执法 | 内华达州(联邦法院) | 联邦法院于 2025-11-14 下令暂停;第九巡回法院 2026-02 驳回中止执行申请 | 高 | 高 | 对内华达州用户做地理围栏 | NV 禁令持续;为其他西部州提供先例 | 关注第九巡回法院实体裁决,以及 AZ / NV 类似州级诉讼文件 |
| 马里兰州执法-联邦优先权动议 | 马里兰州(联邦法院) | 法院于 2025-08 驳回 Kalshi 的临时禁令申请 | 已发生 | 中 | 仅以诉讼应对;考虑自愿退出 MD | 州执法可继续推进;对类似总检察长行动形成不利先例 | 跟踪第四巡回法院上诉和 MD 执法行动 |
| 蒙大拿州执法 / Kalshi 反诉 | 蒙大拿州(联邦法院) | Kalshi 于 2026-04 在第二封 C&D 函后起诉州监管机构 | 中 | 中 | 联邦优先权抗辩;逐州法律策略 | 败诉会复制内华达州先例 | 跟踪案卷以及任何第九巡回法院并案 |
| 部落诉讼(Ho-Chunk 等) | 联邦(威斯康星州,第三巡回法院法庭之友) | 诉讼在进行中,第三巡回法院已有法庭之友文件 | 高 | 高 | 接触部落协议;AFM 倡导 | 基于部落协议的禁令可能在各州复制 | 跟踪威斯康星州案卷和第三巡回法院裁决 |
| NJ / 第三巡回法院上诉 | 联邦(第三巡回法院) | 法院 2026-04 允许 Kalshi 在诉讼期间继续 NJ 合约 | 临时解决 | 高 | 依据临时裁定继续运营 | 实体审理若逆转,将撤销 NJ 运营 | 等待第三巡回法院实体裁决 |
| Brown v. Kalshi 集体诉讼 | 联邦(2026-04 提起) | 待决;指控无牌体育博彩和消费者欺诈 | 中 | 高 | ToS 强制仲裁;以 CFTC 身份抗辩 | 若获认证,损害赔偿、退款和声誉后果会落地 | 跟踪案卷和仲裁动议 |
| 亚利桑那州刑事式执法 / $54M Khamenei 争议 | 亚利桑那州 | 进行中;据报道,Kalshi 相关交易者面临刑事指控 | 中 | 中 | 结算完整性规则和监控;禁止涉事交易者 | 结算带来声誉和监管压力 | 确认 AZ 总检察长案卷和 CFTC 后续审查 |
| 众议院监督委员会 / 金融服务委员会调查 | 联邦国会 | 2026-05 启动正式调查 | 高 | 中 | 配合调查;自愿披露 KYC 和监控指标 | 立法禁止官员交易或限制合约 | 跟踪委员会信函、听证会和任何提出的法案 |
各行先按严重性、再按近因排序;状态固定截至 2026-05-24。
[CR001, CR002, CR007, CR008, CR009, CR010]7.3 市场诚信、KYC 与运营风险
Kalshi 对市场诚信的公开表态强硬,但可验证性并不均衡。公司称,允许入金交易前会对每个账户做持续交易监控和身份验证,并已与 Solidus Labs 和 Wharton 研究人员成立 Market Surveillance Advisory Committee。February 2026,Kalshi 禁止现任国会议员、国会候选人和政治操盘者交易他们可能影响的市场,并把该举措解释为回应内幕交易担忧。CFTC March 2026 执法指引强化了一点:反操纵规则适用于事件合约交易;House Oversight 调查和 Finance Magnates 报道也显示,国会正主动追问 Kalshi 的 KYC 和监控实践是否足够。客户体验层又让问题更复杂:公开应用评测界面继续提示提款延迟和结算争议;Kalshi 服务条款设置强制仲裁,并保留暂停交易、解决市场的广泛裁量权。与 Arizona 相关的 $54 million Khamenei 争议说明,结算完整性可以迅速转化为刑事式头条、民事风险和集体诉讼弹药。关键在于,Kalshi 几乎所有市场诚信披露都依赖公司来源,而不是独立审计保证;监控究竟多久触发、争议如何解决,仍留有不确定性。运营 / 质量 / 安全风险登记表量化了这些失效模式和缓释成熟度。[CR017, CR018, CR019, CR025, CR026, CR036]
| 失效模式 | 可能性 | 严重性 | 缓释成熟度 | 剩余敞口 | 待补缺口 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 政治 / 体育内部人士内幕交易 | 中 | 高 | 公开护栏禁止国会议员、候选人、政治操盘手参与;借助 Solidus Labs 监控 | 若高知名度案件落地,会带来声誉和 CFTC 执法风险 | 未公开监控触发率的保证审计 |
| 高关注市场结算争议(如 Khamenei $54M) | 中 | 高 | 结算完整性规则;禁止涉事交易者;ToS 酌情权 | 集体诉讼和消费者欺诈风险 | 未公开争议率或升级处理结果 |
| 提现延迟和 KYC 冻结 | 高 | 中 | 已文档化的 KYC 要求;帮助中心页面 | 负面评论和投诉渠道长期存在 | 未公开 SLA 或投诉解决披露 |
| CFTC 依据 Rule 180.1 执法市场操纵 | 中 | 高 | 与 CFTC 沟通;监控项目;知悉 2026 年监管提示 | Kalshi 或大型交易者受到 CFTC 直接行动 | Kalshi 未公开回应 2026 年监管提示 |
| 国会调查指出 AML/KYC 薄弱 | 中 | 高 | KYC 与监控披露;市场完整性网站 | 调查可能导致整改令或立法 | 截至 2026-05-24,调查结果未知 |
| 受监管交易所的网络 / 数据泄露敞口 | 中低 | 高 | CFTC 监管下的安全控制(推定) | 客户数据丢失会放大 Brown v. Kalshi 叙事 | 抓取资料中未披露公开安全审计或泄露历史 |
严重性自上而下排序;缓释成熟度很大程度依赖公司来源披露。
[CR017, CR018, CR019, CR025, CR026, CR036]7.4 商业模式、合作伙伴与依赖风险
Kalshi 的商业风险在两个维度集中,而法律风险会放大这种集中。第一,Sacra 估计 Kalshi 2025 年约 89% 费用收入来自体育事件合约;这正是州监管机构、部落联盟和集体诉讼原告正在攻击的类别。第二,独立报道把 Robinhood 的预测市场中心描述为 Kalshi 日合约交易量的非对称来源,分发风险因此集中在单一券商合作伙伴上。Webull 是有意义但规模较小的第二渠道;机构访问栈(Tradeweb、Clear Street)仍高度依赖少数交易对手。政治和政策侧,由 American Gaming Association 牵头的赌场和部落博彩游说力量正在敦促国会约束预测市场;Kalshi 则成立 Americans for Fair Markets,并在 2026 年实质性增加联邦游说支出以反击。监管集中(CFTC)、收入集中(体育)、分发集中(Robinhood)和诉讼集中(州级与集体诉讼)叠加,意味着一次不利冲击就能迅速沿商业模式传导。依赖关系图和合作伙伴风险登记表展示了主要交易对手,以及每一方如何贡献这项风险敞口。[CR020, CR021, CR022, CR023, CR024, CR038]
| 依赖项 | 交易对手 | 角色 | 集中度 | 失效情景 | 严重性 | 缓释措施 | 剩余敞口 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 联邦监管机构 | CFTC | DCM 与 DCO 监管;规则制定;执法 | 单一监管机构 | DCM/DCO 身份丧失或被暂停 | 致命 | 合规计划;主动沟通;对 CFTC 友好的披露 | 身份若被撤销,就是生存级风险 |
| 零售分销渠道 | Robinhood | 嵌入 Robinhood app 的预测市场入口 | 日合约量占比高 | Robinhood 暂停或撤回 Kalshi 分销 | 高 | 多券商策略(Webull);自有 app | 在其他渠道放量前,交易量和收入会遭受实质损失 |
| 零售分销渠道 | Webull | Kalshi 事件合约的二级券商分销 | 低于 Robinhood,但在增长 | Webull 终止或限制分销 | 中 | 自有 app 和 Tradeweb 渠道 | 损失可恢复,但会拖慢多元化 |
| 机构准入 | Tradeweb | 机构数据、分析与准入合作 | 唯一值得注意的机构准入伙伴 | Tradeweb 试点后降低 Kalshi 优先级 | 中 | 机构客户可直接通过 kalshi.com 接入 | 机构采用放慢 |
| 清算和 FCM 会员资格 | Clear Street | 首个机构 FCM 清算会员 | 清算准入集中 | Clear Street 退出关系 | 中 | 招募更多 FCM 和清算会员 | 限制机构增长和资本效率 |
| 监控供应商 | Solidus Labs | 针对操纵和内幕交易的交易监控 | 单一披露供应商 | 供应商失效或漏报 | 中 | 内部监控团队;Wharton 咨询委员会 | 声誉和 CFTC 后续风险 |
集中度按公开披露的交易对手评分;可能存在未公开替代方。
[CR006, CR020, CR021, CR018, CR038, CR036]| 角色 / 职能 | 依赖或缺口 | 可能性 | 严重性 | 缓释措施 | 尽调路径 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CEO Tarek Mansour | 监管、政治、游说和融资姿态的公众代表 | 持续 | 高 | 搭建更深的监管和政策领导梯队 | 确认接班计划和关键人物保险 |
| 总法律顾问 / 监管 | 牵头应对 8+ 起在办事项 | 持续 | 高 | 外部律师网络;专业诉讼招聘 | 询问 GC 任期、团队规模和诉讼预算 |
| 首席合规官 / 市场完整性 | 负责 KYC、AML、监控和争议解决 | 持续 | 高 | Solidus Labs 合作;Wharton 委员会 | 索取组织架构、审计节奏和事件预案 |
| 政策和政府事务 | 牵头 AFM 联盟和联邦游说加速 | 2026 年升高 | 中 | 外部游说者;AFM 联盟 | 索取联邦披露文件和团队人数 |
| 客户支持和运营 | 结算争议和提现投诉集中在这里 | 持续 | 中 | 帮助中心扩展;聊天支持 | 索取 SLA、投诉量和解决时间 |
除 CEO 外,内部领导层公开来源稀薄;各行列出补齐缺口的尽调路径。
[CR027, CR041, CR017, CR018, CR023, CR024]DAG 展示上游法律与监管冲击如何传导到 Kalshi 的收入、客户、合作伙伴和估值层面。
连线描述风险传导方向,不代表量化弹性。
[CR009, CR013, CR020, CR021, CR028, CR030]DAG 展示 Kalshi 的主要外部依赖:监管机构、分销伙伴、机构准入、清算、监控、倡导与政策。
连线表示依赖或影响方向,不代表量化规模。
[CR006, CR018, CR020, CR021, CR022, CR023]7.5 未解风险、监控指标与否决标准
截至 2026-05-24,仍有多项风险明确未解,值得正式监控。联邦法是否优先适用于事件合约、从而排除州博彩法,Supreme Court 层面尚无定论;如果没有准予调卷 和实体裁决,Kalshi 必须逐州诉讼多年。Brown v. Kalshi 原告主张体育事件合约在功能上就是体育博彩,应按体育博彩监管,这直接否定 Kalshi 的联邦管辖抗辩;集体认证或大额和解都会带来真实财务风险。CEO Tarek Mansour 是 Kalshi 监管、政治和融资姿态的公众代表;公司正多线作战时,关键人物事件可能实质性削弱执行能力。公开文件没有披露 Kalshi 的现金跑道或诉讼成本缓冲,这本身就是尽调缺口。缓释和否决标准表设置了可监控触发器(SCOTUS 准予调卷、联邦立法进入审议标记阶段、前五大体育博彩州中关键州的联邦禁令、CFTC 对 Kalshi 本身的执法行动、关键人物事件以及不利集体认证),并为每一项给出对应行动含义。结合风险热力图和传导图,这些触发器把原本发散的风险面收束成投资者可按季度运行的监控闭环。[CR027, CR028, CR030, CR031, CR032, CR033]
| 风险 | 可监控触发项 | 阈值 / 事件 | 行动含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| SCOTUS 推翻 CFTC 联邦优先权 | 最高法院受理体育事件合约案件 | 准予受理或实体裁决不利 | 视为投资逻辑破裂:重估估值和产品路线图 |
| 联邦立法禁止官员交易或限制事件合约 | 众议院金融服务委员会或参议院农业委员会审议法案 | 法案经委员会两党投票通过并提交 | 削减体育合约敞口;将投资逻辑重新加权到宏观 / 政治市场 |
| 关键州(CA、FL、TX)对体育合约发出禁令 | 前 5 大体育博彩州的联邦法院批准临时禁令 | 前 5 大州首次出现对 Kalshi 不利的临时禁令裁定 | 建模实质收入受损;要求逐州收入披露 |
| CFTC 对 Kalshi 本身采取执法行动(非第三方交易者) | CFTC 新闻稿将 Kalshi 列为被申请人 | 任何点名 Kalshi 的已和解或争议中 CFTC 行动 | 视为严重信用打击;要求独立合规审计 |
| Tarek Mansour 关键人物事件 | 公开离职、休假或重大分心 | CEO 交接或角色实质缩减 | 触发管理层尽调电话,并复核接班计划 |
| Brown v. Kalshi 不利集体认证 | 联邦集体诉讼中的集体认证命令 | 集体获认证,或和解金额超过重大性阈值 | 要求诉讼成本预测和准备金披露 |
各行对应投资逻辑破裂触发项;投资人应为每一行设置明确监控节奏。
[CR032, CR037, CR031, CR019, CR041, CR015]08估值
8.1 最新融资基准:Series F 轮估值 $22 Billion
June 2025 至 March 2026,Kalshi 完成六轮机构融资,把通常需要多年走完的估值重估压缩到不到十个月。June 2025,Paradigm 领投 $185 million Series C,投后估值 $2 billion,公司由此进入独角兽梯队。四个月后,August 2025,Sequoia Capital 和 Andreessen Horowitz 共同领投 $300 million Series D,估值 $5 billion——短短四个月上调 150%。December 2025,Paradigm 回归领投 $1 billion Series E,估值 $11 billion。随后在 March 2026,Coatue Management 又领投第二笔 $1 billion 融资——由 Wall Street Journal 报道,并得到 CNBC、Fintech Global 和 Yahoo Finance 佐证——投后估值 $22 billion,约九十天内较上一轮标记翻倍以上。自成立以来,Kalshi 在至少六轮机构融资中累计股权融资约 $2.8 billion,另有早期和 Y Combinator 种子资本。 估值重估速度来自多重因素叠加:September 2024 D.C. Circuit 法院胜诉(选举合约)、May 2025 CFTC 撤回上诉、March 2025 启动 Robinhood 分发合作、December 2025 Paradigm 领投的 $11 billion Series E,以及随后披露的 2025 年 $263.5 million 费用收入。可比竞争者估值也托住这条轨迹:October 2025,Polymarket 从 Intercontinental Exchange 获得最高 $2 billion 战略投资,投前估值 $8 billion;据报道,到 January 2026,二级市场交易把 Polymarket 隐含估值推至 $11.6 billion。Yahoo Finance 引述来源称 Series F “接近完成”,意味着条款尚未正式确认;投资者应把 $22 billion 视为报道口径,而非公司审计口径。[CV001, CV002, CV003, CV004, CV005, CV006]
| 轮次 | 日期 | 融资金额 | 投后估值 | 领投方 | 隐含 P/S(相对可得收入) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Series C | June 2025 | $185M | $2.0B | Paradigm + Sequoia + Multicoin | ~7.6x(当时 2025E 收入) | Bitnewsbot / Yogonet |
| Series D | August 2025 | $300M | $5.0B | Sequoia + Andreessen Horowitz | ~19x(当时 2025E 收入) | BraveNewCoin |
| Series E | December 2025 | $1.0B | $11.0B | 投资方:Paradigm + Sequoia + a16z + ARK | ~42x(2025 全年 $263.5M) | Reuters / TechFundingNews |
| Series F | March 2026 | ~$1.0B | $22.0B | Coatue Management | ~14.7x($1.5B 收入运行率) | Yahoo Finance / Fintech Global(来源) |
隐含 P/S 比率使用每轮融资时可获得的最佳收入参考值粗略估算。Series C/D 相对 2025 年实际收入的 P/S 属于回看口径。Series F P/S 使用管理层引用的 2026 年 3 月年化收入运行率。截至 2026-05-24,Series F 条款尚未获得官方确认。累计融资包括未在表中列示的早期种子轮 / YC 资金。
[CV001, CV002, CV003, CV004, CV005]可视化时间线展示 Kalshi 在 2025 年 6 月至 2026 年 3 月之间的六轮融资,以及每一步的投后估值。
D 轮日期为近似值(据 BraveNewCoin 10 月公告,该轮于 2025 年 8 月完成)。F 轮估值由 WSJ/CNBC/Yahoo Finance 报道,尚未获官方确认。
[CV001, CV002, CV003, CV004]8.2 可比公司集合与估值框架
Kalshi 的估值可以从三条线看:(1)私募融资可比样本,按各轮融资倍数和私有预测市场估值参照;(2)上市交易所和金融科技可比公司,提供市场可观察的收入倍数和市盈率基准;(3)收入 run rate 框架,把入场价格同 Kalshi 披露的 $1.5 billion 年化手续费 run rate,以及抽佣率和交易量情景假设连起来。 在私募融资视角下,Kalshi 的 $22 billion 估值,是管理层 2026 年 3 月引用的 $1.5 billion 年化 run rate 的 14.7x,也是披露的 2025 全年 $263.5 million 手续费收入的 83.5x。后一项倍数作为历史比率很高,但用来判断前瞻性并不准确,因为 Series C 到 Series F 期间收入增长了 485%。Polymarket 2025 年 10 月由 ICE 支持的 $9 billion 估值意味着,Kalshi 相对 Polymarket 的 2.4x 溢价,部分由 CFTC 监管身份、Robinhood 分发和美元计价结算解释;但 Polymarket 当时没有公开披露收入。 在上市交易所视角下,CME Group 是结构上最相近的受监管交易所,2024 年收入 $6.13 billion,截至 2025 年中市值约 $98.9 billion,隐含收入倍数约 16x。CME 的交易所模型成熟、高度多元、EBITDA 利润率丰厚,并有机构清算支撑——这些属性 Kalshi 目前都还没有。Nasdaq Inc. 的交易倍数相近。Robinhood 是最接近的类比:高增长零售交易平台,内嵌事件合约;其 2025 年收入 $4.47 billion,2025 年末市值约 $118 billion,隐含收入倍数约 26x。若把 Robinhood 式倍数套到 Kalshi 的 $1.5 billion run rate,估值将达到 $39 billion,高于 Series F 的 $22 billion 定价。 在博彩 / 体育博彩视角下,DraftKings (DKNG) 2026 年 3 月市值 $10.83 billion,对应过去 12 个月收入约 $5.41 billion,收入倍数 2x。Flutter Entertainment (FLUT) 市值约 $46.75 billion,对应 2025 年收入 $16.38 billion,倍数 2.9x。若 Kalshi 被重新归类为体育博彩运营商(州监管机构和 Better Markets 的核心论点),适用倍数会大幅压缩:对 $1.5 billion run-rate 收入套用 2.5x,隐含估值 $3.75 billion,相比 Series F 价格折价约 94%。这种倍数分叉就是估值矛盾的中心。 战略选择权视角还为网络效应(5M+ 用户、Robinhood 接入)、作为监管护城河的 CFTC DCM 牌照,以及公司刚起步的 140+ 国家国际扩张加上溢价。CME 2025 年 12 月与 FanDuel (Flutter) 启动预测市场合资公司,一方面验证市场机会,另一方面也带来资本充足的竞争对手。[CV010, CV011, CV012, CV013, CV014, CV015]
| 可比公司 | 类型 | 营收(最近完整年度) | 市值 / 估值 | 价格 / 营收倍数 | 净利润 / 盈利能力 | 与 Kalshi 的相关性 | 关键局限 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CME Group (CME) | 上市交易所 | $6.13B (2024) | ~$98.9B (Jun 2025) | ~16x | $3.48B 净利润 (2024) | 同属 DCM / 交易所模式;CFTC 监管期货 | 成熟、多元、日均成交 28M 份合约;不聚焦零售事件 |
| Robinhood (HOOD) | 上市零售金融科技 / 交易所 | $4.47B (2025) | ~$118.2B (Nov 2025) | ~26x | $1.88B 净利润 (2025) | 零售金融科技;高增长;内嵌事件合约 | 营收多元(PFOF、期权、crypto);不是纯交易所 |
| DraftKings (DKNG) | 上市体育博彩 | ~$5.41B (LTM Jun 2025) | $10.83B (Mar 2026) | ~2x | 亏损(GAAP 为负) | 若体育合约 = 博彩,是直接监管可比 | 模式不同(体育投注平台 vs. 交易所);持牌博彩 |
| Flutter Entertainment (FLUT) | 上市全球体育博彩 | $16.38B (2025) | ~$46.75B (Jun 2025) | ~2.9x | EBITDA 为正 | 全球最大体育博彩运营商;CME 合资伙伴 | 成熟博彩 / 媒体品牌;监管框架不同 |
| Polymarket(私营) | 私营 crypto 预测市场 | 未披露 | $9B(ICE 交易,2025 年 10 月) | N/A | 未披露 | 最接近的非受监管同业;近期传闻 $20B 融资 | crypto 原生;直到近期才有美国用户;无营收披露 |
| Kalshi (Series F) | 私营事件合约交易所 | $263.5M (FY2025) / $1.5B 年化收入 | $22B (Mar 2026) | 83.5x FY2025 / 14.7x 年化收入 | 未披露 | 本分析对象 | 无审计财务;年化收入未经验证;法律压力未解 |
市值来自 Macrotrends 和 Wikipedia(截至所列日期),未根据截至 2026-05-24 的后续价格变化调整。营收数据来自 SEC 10-K 文件和 Macrotrends。Kalshi 营收来自 Time、Reuters 和管理层陈述引用的公司报告数字;未经审计。 所有 P/R 倍数均为近似值。
[CV010, CV011, CV012, CV013, CV014, CV015]条形图对比 Kalshi F 轮隐含 P/S 倍数,以及交易所、金融科技和博彩板块的上市公司可比样本。
所有倍数均按 Macrotrends、Wikipedia 和公司申报文件在所列日期的数据估算;未统一调整到同一日期。Kalshi P/S 使用管理层披露的收入运行率,不是经审计收入。CME 市值截至 2025 年 6 月 30 日;Robinhood 截至 2025 年 11 月;DraftKings 截至 2026 年 3 月;Flutter 截至 2025 年 6 月。
[CV011, CV012, CV013, CV014, CV015, CV016]8.3 乐观 / 基准 / 悲观情景
三套情景框架框定未来五年的结果区间。情景锚定公开披露财务和第 7 章详述的诉讼格局;这些数字明确是近似估算,未经审计。 乐观情景($45–75 billion,5 年终局):假设 CFTC 的联邦优先权在巡回法院或最高法院层面获得维持,体育事件合约在 40+ 个州继续存在,收入从 2026 年 3 月 $1.5 billion run rate 复合增长,到 FY2028 达到 $5–8 billion(相对 run rate 的 CAGR 约 75–120%)。按 10–15x 收入倍数(与 CME 或溢价增长型交易所一致),终局价值达到 $50–120 billion。乐观催化剂包括:最高法院作出有利的调卷决定,或联邦立法明确 CFTC 优先地位;国际市场份额提升;Robinhood 和更多券商接入放大交易量;以及走向公开市场。鉴于当前监管不确定性,赋予概率约 25–30%。 基准情景($18–30 billion,5 年):假设州层面限制部分落地(10–15 个州事实上封堵体育合约),体育收入放缓,但宏观、政治和天气合约分散收入结构。到 FY2027,总收入从 run rate 增至 $2.5–4 billion,增速 65–165%。按 8–12x 收入倍数,终局价值为 $20–48 billion。只要体育收入不被整体清零,$22 billion 入场点在这条路径上大致算「合理」。概率约 40–45%。 悲观情景($2–7 billion):假设联邦立法或不利上诉裁决事实上清除美国体育事件合约,收入按 2025 年手续费集中度相应下滑约 89%。剩余非体育收入 $150–350 million 可支撑 5–10x 倍数,隐含 $750 million 至 $3.5 billion;但已融资 $2.8+ billion 以及优先权悬置,意味着普通股价值会低得多。30 个州立法禁令,或美国最高法院调卷并推翻 CFTC 权限,将成为触发点。概率 25–30%。 按 25% 乐观 / 45% 基准 / 30% 悲观(中点)加权,预期价值约 $22 billion,与 Series F 价格一致,但也意味着按披露价格入场的投资者没有任何风险溢价。缺少稀释数据、分配瀑布假设和优先权悬置细节,无法精确计算每股内在价值。[CV021, CV022, CV023, CV024, CV025, CV026]
| 情景 | 关键假设 | FY2027 营收估计 | 采用营收倍数 | 隐含估值 | 概率信号 | 关键触发因素 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 乐观 | CFTC 联邦优先权站住;体育合约覆盖 40+ 州;营收达到当前年化收入 3 倍 | $4.5–5.5B | 12–15x | $54–83B | ~25-30% | 巡回法院 / SCOTUS 裁决或联邦立法,明确 CFTC 优先权 |
| 基准 | 10-15 个州设限;部分体育收入流失;多元化抵消 | $2.5–3.5B | 8–12x | $20–42B | ~40-45% | 第三巡回法院上诉结果;关键州部分和解 |
| 悲观 | 多州禁令抹掉 89% 体育收入;剩余 $200-350M 非体育收入 | $0.2–0.4B | 5–8x | $1–3B | ~25-30% | 30+ 州禁令,或联邦立法取消体育事件合约 |
所有营收估计都是情景近似值,依据公开报道的 $263.5M FY2025 营收和 2026 年 3 月 $1.5B 年化收入推导; Kalshi 未披露经审计财务。倍数取自公开交易所 / 金融科技可比公司。概率信号是作者的定性估计,不是量化模型。 按中点计算的混合期望价值 ≈ $22B,与 Series F 价格一致,但意味着零风险溢价。
[CV021, CV022, CV023, CV024, CV025, CV026]区间图展示悲观、基准、乐观情景下的低值 / 基准 / 高值隐含内在价值,并列明收入和倍数假设。
所有估值区间均为作者根据公开报道的收入数据和可比样本倍数推导出的估计。悲观 / 基准 / 乐观情景不是概率加权模型。终值未计入未来融资带来的优先权负担或稀释。数值单位为十亿美元。
[CV021, CV022, CV023, CV024, CV025, CV026]8.4 投资论点、反方论点与论点失效触发器
核心投资论点立在五根支柱上:(1)Kalshi 持有一个事实上难以复制的美国监管资产——唯一一个专为零售事件合约打造、获 CFTC 指定的 DCM;(2)预测市场品类已经证明能规模化变现,2025 年手续费收入 $263.5 million,2026 年 3 月 run rate 达 $1.5 billion,增速可比过去十年扩张最快的金融科技公司;(3)Robinhood 分发降低获客成本,并为交易量提供飞轮;(4)美联储 2026 年 2 月工作论文发现 Kalshi 预测准确度可媲美传统工具,验证机构采用;(5)当前 run-rate 倍数为 14.7x,入场价格相对 Robinhood 的成长型金融科技倍数有折扣。 反方论点同样尖锐:(1)体育合约贡献 89% 收入,直接撞上至少七个州的博彩监管立场;(2)公司已融资 $2.8 billion,却没有审计财报、公开盈利能力数据或经确认的 EBITDA 利润率,run-rate 说法无法验证;(3)数月内连续融资、每轮估值上跳 2–4x,更像动量定价,而非基本面重估;(4)CME Group 拥有 178 年交易所基础设施,并与 FanDuel/Flutter 建立预测市场合资公司,正带着 Kalshi 还无法匹配的机构关系入场;(5)参议院听证、民主党国会压力以及非营利组织 Better Markets 都公开主张 CFTC 对体育博彩没有管辖权,抬高联邦立法风险。 会让乐观情景失效的论点破裂触发器包括:最高法院授予调卷并撤销 CFTC 对事件合约的权限;联邦立法明确禁止 CFTC 监管的体育事件合约;Brown v. Kalshi 出现不利的集体认证;CFTC 自身达成同意令或采取执法行动;以及 Robinhood 分发合作关系丧失。第 7 章记录实时诉讼清单;投资者应跟踪第三巡回法院关于州与联邦管辖权的裁决(目前在上诉中),这是近端短期信号。[CV028, CV029, CV030, CV031, CV032, CV033]
| 维度 | 投资逻辑(乐观论点) | 反向逻辑(悲观论点) | 什么会改变判断 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 监管护城河 | 美国唯一面向事件合约的 CFTC DCM;复制需要数年 | CFTC 撤销或联邦立法会立即剥掉护城河 | 第三 / 第九巡回法院关于联邦优先权的裁决;SCOTUS 受理 |
| 营收走势 | $1.5B 年化收入;九个月增长 485%;PitchBook 称其为「爆发式」 | 89% 来自体育;无审计财务;EBITDA 和利润率未知 | 经审计的 2025 损益表;2026 年 Q2 业绩披露 |
| 分发 | Robinhood 合作贡献日交易量 25-35%;带来规模 | 单一合作方集中;Robinhood 自身也有交易所竞争野心 | 披露收入分成条款和独家期 |
| 估值倍数 | 14.7x 年化收入,低于 Robinhood 约 26x,与 CME 约 16x 接近 | CME 已盈利、业务多元、成立 178 年;Kalshi 仅 5 年且未披露盈利 | EBITDA 盈利路径和利润率可见度 |
| 法律风险 | 联邦优先权(CFTC)迄今在巡回法院层面占上风 | 7+ 起州诉讼;Brown 联邦集体诉讼;Arizona 刑事指控;Better Markets 国会游说 | 体育合约禁令适用地区和 Brown 集体诉讼认证结果 |
正反论点单元格反映截至 2026-05-24 的公开记录证据;不构成投资建议。
[CV028, CV029, CV030, CV034]| 触发因素 | 阈值 / 事件 | 对估值论点的传导 | 操作含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 最高法院受理 CFTC 权限案 | SCOTUS 准许调卷复审,推翻 CFTC 对事件合约的管辖权 | 监管护城河和 $1.5B+ 营收基础失效;悲观情景立即成立 | 退出或大幅减仓 |
| 联邦体育合约禁令 | 国会通过法律,禁止 CFTC 注册平台上线体育事件合约 | 89% 营收被抹掉;终值坍缩至 $1-3B;稀释严重 | 退出;跟踪参议院商务委员会和众议院监督委员会动态 |
| Brown v. Kalshi 集体诉讼认证不利 | 联邦法院在「无照博彩」集体诉讼中认证集体 | 重大诉讼责任;美国平台运营不确定 | 暂停新增投资;按月跟踪 |
| CFTC 对 Kalshi 执法 | CFTC 发起 Section 6(c)(1) 执法行动,针对 Kalshi 交易 | 监管护城河变成负债;平台面临生存风险 | 立即退出 |
| Robinhood 合作终止 | Robinhood 终止或实质性削减 Kalshi 分发(无论是否独家) | 一夜损失 25-35% 交易量;CAC 跳升;营收年化水平下滑 | 减仓;评估替代分发渠道储备 |
| 关键人物离职 | CEO Tarek Mansour 离职且无继任计划;投资人信心坍缩 | 监管关系、融资叙事和平台路线图都承压 | 维持持仓前先评估新管理团队 |
触发因素把第 7 章公开记录风险转译为估值影响。仅靠公开来源无法量化每个触发因素的概率和时间。
[CV032, CV033, CV034, CV035, CV039]面向 IC 的六维评分:市场、验证、护城河、经济性、风险与估值。
KPI 分数是作者按 1-10 分做出的定性评估;不是定量模型。
[CV028, CV029, CV030, CV031, CV036, CV037]8.5 退出准备度、建议与未解尽调缺口
退出路径分析高度推测,但三条路线可行:(1)IPO——Kalshi 的 $22 billion 私募估值和 $1.5 billion run rate 会让它跻身过去五年最大的金融科技 IPO 候选之一;但诉讼悬置、缺少审计财报、法律分类不确定(交易所 vs. 博彩),使其按当前估值进入公开市场的准备度最多只能算不确定;(2)战略收购——CME Group、Nasdaq Inc. 或大型金融交易所可能会认为 DCM 牌照和用户基础有战略价值,尤其是在体育合约争议解决之后;(3)二级市场流动性——公司支持者(Paradigm、Sequoia、Coatue)足够成熟,可以通过二级市场交易设计部分退出;Polymarket 到 2026 年 1 月二级市场隐含估值 $11.6 billion 已经证明这条路。 建议为继续研究,估值立场偏紧。Series F 支付的价格,把一个法律基础脆弱的 run rate 赋予交易所式倍数。新投资者的入场纪律应要求:(a)至少在第三和第九巡回法院获得体育合约法律清晰度;(b)2025 年审计财报,或最低限度的 2025 审计意见;(c)EBITDA 利润率可见度——这是判断 $1.5 billion run rate 是接近盈利,还是在消耗已融资 $2.8 billion 的关键。在这些条件满足之前,新投资者若按 $22 billion 或更高估值进入,应对 Series F 投后标记保持怀疑。 阻止形成更高确信度判断的未解尽调缺口包括:(1)FY2025 或 2026 年 Q1 期间没有公开审计、CFTC 财务报告或独立收入认证;(2)六轮机构融资中的优先权悬置和分配瀑布结构未披露;(3)员工成本和 EBITDA 未知——公司六个月内从约 70 人扩张到 494 人,意味着成本曲线大幅拐点;(4)Robinhood 合作经济条款(收入分成、排他性条款、终止触发器)未披露;(5)Paradigm 与 Coatue 的股权结构表集中度带来董事会层面的治理风险,而上市公司可比样本中没有这一风险。[CV036, CV037, CV038, CV039, CV040, CV041]
| 主题 | 缺失证据 | 重要性 | 负责人 / 尽调路径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 审计财务 | FY2025 和 2026 年 Q1 经审计损益表、资产负债表和现金流量表 | 没有审计就无法验证年化营收和 EBITDA 利润率;优先权堆叠未知 | 直接向公司索要;审阅 DCM 的 CFTC 财务申报要求 |
| 优先权负担 | Series A–F 清算优先权、参与权和分配瀑布 | 已按递增估值募资 $2.8B+;在 $22B 估值下,普通股权益价值可能很低 | 向法律顾问或公司索要股权结构表;若提交 S-1,审阅其中披露 |
| Robinhood 经济条款 | 分发协议中的收入分成比例、独家期和终止触发条件 | 日交易量 25-35% 来自 Robinhood;失去该渠道就是悲观情景触发因素 | 在 NDA 下索要条款清单或重大合同条款 |
| EBITDA 和人头成本 | 月度运营开支、人头成本,以及员工数从 70 增至 494 的 EBITDA 桥接 | 2025-2026 年快速招聘可能已消耗所募 $2.8B 中的 $300-500M;现金续航不清楚 | 索要董事会批准的经营计划和 2026 年 Q1 管理账 |
| 体育收入地域分布 | 按州和合约类型(体育 vs. 宏观 / 政治 / 天气)拆分的营收 | 前 10 大州的诉讼结果决定悲观 vs. 基准情景;集中度不清楚 | 通过数据室索要;与州监管文件交叉核对 |
| 国际营收 | 140+ 个国家上线(2025 年 10 月)带来的营收和交易量贡献 | 国际业务可分散美国州风险;规模未知 | 按地区索要;检查非美国市场合规架构 |
尽调追问反映截至 2026-05-24 尚未公开的信息;按其对 $22B 估值判断的重要性排序。目前均无法由公开来源确认。
[CV040, CV041, CV042, CV043]8.6 附录
免责声明
本报告完全基于截至 2026-05-24 的公开信息。Kalshi 未披露经审计财务报表;所有收入、收入运行率和估值数据均来自媒体报道和投资人数据库,应视为未经核验的管理层或第三方估计。本文任何内容均不构成投资建议。
证据索引
| 编号 | 陈述 | 可信度 | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|
| CO001 | Kalshi was founded in 2018 by Tarek Mansour and Luana Lopes Lara. | 中 | SO002, SO006, SO023 |
| CO002 | Kalshi is headquartered in New York, New York (reported address 594 Broadway, New York City). | 中 | SO004, SO020 |
| CO003 | Kalshi operates as a Designated Contract Market (DCM) under the regulatory authority of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). | 高 | SO007, SO014, SO012 |
| CO004 | Kalshi received CFTC DCM designation in November 2020, becoming the first U.S. exchange built specifically for event contracts to achieve this status. | 高 | SO012, SO014, SO002 |
| CO005 | Kalshi publicly launched its trading platform in July 2021. | 高 | SO012, SO014 |
| CO006 | Kalshi's core product is the event contract—a binary instrument priced between $0.01 and $0.99 that settles at $1.00 if the referenced event occurs and $0.00 if it does not. | 高 | SO006, SO014 |
| CO007 | Kalshi generates revenue by charging transaction fees on event contract trades; unlike a sportsbook, it does not take a position against users. | 中 | SO006, SO004 |
| CO008 | Kalshi's event contract markets span U.S. macroeconomic indicators, political elections, sports outcomes, weather events, entertainment, and cryptocurrency milestones. | 高 | SO006, SO015 |
| CO009 | Founders Tarek Mansour (from Algeria) and Luana Lopes Lara (from Brazil) met as MIT classmates while pursuing mathematics-oriented degrees. | 高 | SO013, SO023, SO006 |
| CO010 | As of May 2026, Kalshi is the only U.S.-based Designated Contract Market dedicated to event contracts, operating without an equivalent domestic regulated competitor. | 高 | SO007, SO009, SO014 |
| CO011 | Tarek Mansour serves as Co-founder and CEO of Kalshi as of May 2026. | 高 | SO005, SO013, SO023 |
| CO012 | Luana Lopes Lara serves as Co-founder and COO of Kalshi as of May 2026. | 高 | SO013, SO019 |
| CO013 | Luana Lopes Lara was named the world's youngest self-made female billionaire in 2025, based on Kalshi's valuation at the time. | 中 | SO013, SO015 |
| CO014 | Tarek Mansour held quantitative finance roles at Goldman Sachs and Citadel Securities before co-founding Kalshi. | 中 | SO019, SO002 |
| CO015 | Luana Lopes Lara worked at Bridgewater Associates and Citadel Securities before co-founding Kalshi. | 中 | SO019, SO013 |
| CO016 | Both Mansour and Lopes Lara completed mathematics-oriented degrees at MIT before founding Kalshi. | 中 | SO013, SO023 |
| CO017 | Kalshi participated in Y Combinator's winter 2019 batch of startups. | 高 | SO004, SO002 |
| CO018 | Lopes Lara led the decision to sue the CFTC over election markets despite sustained board resistance over approximately two years; the board had advised the founders to focus on other products. | 中 | SO013 |
| CO019 | Kalshi employed approximately 467-500 employees as of March-May 2026, based on third-party HR database estimates. | 低 | SO020 |
| CO020 | Publicly documented Kalshi executives include Richard Heaslip (General Counsel and Chief Regulatory Officer), Joshua Beardsley (Chief Compliance Officer), and Max Crowley (VP Business Development). | 中 | SO019, SO020 |
| CO021 | CNBC has a commercial relationship with Kalshi that includes customer acquisition and a minority investment, as disclosed in CNBC's own reporting. | 中 | SO013 |
| CO022 | Kalshi raised $185 million in a Series C round in June 2025 at a $2 billion post-money valuation, led by Paradigm. | 高 | SO005, SO018, SO025, SO027 |
| CO023 | Series C co-investors included Sequoia Capital, Multicoin Capital, Neo, Bond Capital, and Citadel Securities CEO Peng Zhao. | 高 | SO005, SO018, SO004 |
| CO024 | Kalshi raised $300 million in a Series D round, closed in August 2025 and announced in October 2025, at a $5 billion post-money valuation. | 高 | SO006, SO004, SO027 |
| CO025 | Series D was co-led by Sequoia Capital and Andreessen Horowitz, with participation from Paradigm, CapitalG, Coinbase Ventures, General Catalyst, and Spark Capital. | 高 | SO006, SO004 |
| CO026 | Kalshi raised $1 billion in a Series E round in December 2025 at an $11 billion post-money valuation, led by Paradigm. | 高 | SO004, SO023, SO027 |
| CO027 | Series E co-investors included Sequoia Capital, Andreessen Horowitz, Meritech Capital Partners, IVP, ARK Invest, Anthos Capital, CapitalG, and Y Combinator. | 高 | SO004, SO023, SO027 |
| CO028 | Kalshi reportedly raised approximately $1 billion in a new round in March 2026 at a $22 billion post-money valuation, led by Coatue Management; terms had not been officially confirmed by Kalshi as of run date. | 中 | SO003, SO024 |
| CO029 | Kalshi's total known funding as of the December 2025 Series E was approximately $1.6 billion per Crunchbase; including the reported March 2026 round, total known funding exceeded $2.5 billion per Yahoo Finance and Tracxn ($2.8 billion). | 中 | SO004, SO024, SO020 |
| CO030 | Before the 2025 funding acceleration, Kalshi had raised approximately $415 million in cumulative funding (through the Series C close), implying approximately $230 million from Y Combinator accelerator, seed, and Series A rounds collectively. | 中 | SO005, SO002 |
| CO031 | Kalshi reported $263.5 million in fee revenue for full-year 2025. | 中 | SO015, SO003 |
| CO032 | Approximately 89% of Kalshi's 2025 fee revenue was attributable to sports contracts. | 中 | SO015 |
| CO033 | Kalshi had more than 5 million registered users as of early 2026. | 中 | SO015, SO003 |
| CO034 | Kalshi's weekly trading volume exceeded $1 billion by December 2025, representing a more than 1,000% year-over-year increase from 2024 volume levels. | 高 | SO004, SO027 |
| CO035 | Kalshi's cumulative event contract trading volume exceeded $52 billion by March 2026. | 中 | SO003, SO024 |
| CO036 | Kalshi projected $50 billion in annualized trading volume for 2025, up from approximately $300 million in 2024. | 中 | SO006, SO004 |
| CO037 | Robinhood users accounted for an estimated 25-35% of Kalshi's daily trading volume following the March 2025 Robinhood platform integration. | 低 | SO006 |
| CO038 | Kalshi launched its platform in 140-plus countries in October 2025, while restricting access in 38 jurisdictions including Canada, France, Poland, Russia, the United Kingdom, and Singapore. | 中 | SO006 |
| CO039 | In September 2023, the CFTC disapproved Kalshi's application to list congressional control event contracts, citing Rule 40.11 prohibitions on gaming and activities that are contrary to the public interest. | 高 | SO012, SO014, SO021 |
| CO040 | In September 2024, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia granted Kalshi a summary judgment finding the CFTC's ban on election contracts was arbitrary and capricious; election contracts launched in October 2024. | 中 | SO012, SO021 |
| CO041 | In May 2025, the CFTC dropped its appeal of the D.C. District Court ruling, finalizing Kalshi's right to list election event contracts. | 中 | SO012, SO021 |
| CO042 | In March 2026, Arizona filed a 20-count criminal information against Kalshi—the first criminal prosecution of a CFTC-registered prediction market operator—alleging it ran an illegal gambling operation in violation of state law. | 高 | SO011, SO015 |
| CO043 | In May 2026, U.S. District Judge Michael T. Liburdi granted a preliminary injunction blocking Arizona from pursuing criminal or civil enforcement against Kalshi, finding Kalshi's contracts likely qualify as swaps subject to CFTC exclusive jurisdiction. | 高 | SO011, SO009 |
| CO044 | On April 6, 2026, a divided panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held in KalshiEX LLC v. Flaherty that the CFTC has exclusive jurisdiction over sports-related event contracts—the first federal appellate ruling to address the issue. | 高 | SO010, SO016 |
| CO045 | As of May 2026, Kalshi faces active litigation or enforcement actions in at least eight states, including Arizona, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, Maryland, Tennessee, Connecticut, and Illinois. | 高 | SO009, SO011, SO016, SO021 |
| CO046 | On April 2, 2026, the CFTC filed civil suits against Arizona, Connecticut, and Illinois alleging that the Commodity Exchange Act preempts application of those states' gambling laws to event contracts offered on CFTC-licensed DCMs. | 高 | SO010, SO016 |
| CO047 | In 2025, Kalshi imposed financial penalties and multi-year suspensions on traders using nonpublic information, including a political candidate trading on his own candidacy (May 2025) and a YouTube channel editor trading on advance knowledge of video content (August-September 2025); the CFTC highlighted these as its first prediction market enforcement advisory (February 2026). | 高 | SO007, SO017, SO016 |
| CO048 | Since January 2026, more than 10 congressional bills targeting prediction markets have been introduced, including the PREDICT Act (H.R. 8076), End Prediction Market Corruption Act (S. 4017), Stop Corrupt Bets Act, DEATH BETS Act, BETS OFF Act, and Prediction Markets Are Gambling Act. | 高 | SO008, SO016 |
| CO049 | Kalshi's Series A in approximately February 2021 raised approximately $30 million, led by Sequoia Capital, with participation from Charles Schwab, Henry Kravis, SV Angel, Neo, and Y Combinator. | 中 | SO019, SO002 |
| CM001 | CFTC-regulated event contracts are binary financial instruments priced between $0.01 and $0.99 that settle at $0 or $1 depending on the outcome of a specified real-world event, traded on Designated Contract Markets under the Commodity Exchange Act. | 中 | SM009, SM010 |
| CM002 | As of May 2026, KalshiEx LLC and ForecastEx LLC are the only two entities holding both DCM and DCO registrations from the CFTC to operate prediction market exchanges in the United States. | 高 | SM009, SM004 |
| CM003 | US regulated sports betting operates through fixed-odds sportsbooks that take positions against bettors at predetermined odds, whereas CFTC event contracts match buyers and sellers at a market-clearing price without the platform taking a position—a fundamental structural and economic difference despite overlapping buyer intent around sports outcome prediction. | 中 | SM001, SM017 |
| CM004 | Polymarket is a crypto-collateralized prediction market using USDC stablecoin and an automated market maker model, operating without a US regulatory entity or CFTC registration, and therefore outside CFTC oversight and jurisdiction. | 中 | SM013, SM014 |
| CM005 | iGaming products—online slots, poker, and table games—are regulated under state gaming licenses entirely separate from CFTC jurisdiction and are excluded from the event contract market by product structure, regulatory framework, and buyer motivation. | 中 | SM001, SM002 |
| CM006 | The CME Group reported equity index average daily volume of $1.6T and interest rate ADV of $14.6T in April 2026, providing scale context for traditional financial derivatives that share the CFTC DCM regulatory framework with Kalshi but differ substantially in buyer profile, underlying asset, and contract scale. | 中 | SM015 |
| CM007 | US commercial gaming GGR reached $78.72B in 2025, a 9.2% year-over-year increase, per the American Gaming Association, providing the broadest adjacent market context for US consumer gambling spend. | 中 | SM003 |
| CM008 | US regulated sports betting GGR reached $13.78B in 2024, a 24.8% year-over-year increase from $11.04B in 2023, on total handle of $149.90B, per the American Gaming Association State of the States 2025 and 2024 reports. | 高 | SM001, SM002 |
| CM009 | US iGaming GGR reached $8.41B in 2024, a 28.7% year-over-year increase from $6.17B in 2023, per the American Gaming Association, establishing a combined sports betting plus iGaming adjacent market of $22.19B in 2024. | 中 | SM001, SM002 |
| CM010 | No independent market research report has published a standalone TAM estimate specifically for US CFTC-regulated event contracts as a distinct market category as of May 2026; the gap is confirmed by the absence of any accessible independent sizing study across all fetched sources. | 中 | SM022, SM028 |
| CM011 | Global prediction market analyst estimates from Grand View Research, Mordor Intelligence, and Fortune Business Insights aggregate regulated and unregulated platforms worldwide and cannot be reliably used as proxies for the US CFTC-regulated event contract TAM due to scope mismatch, geographic aggregation, and inaccessible methodology. | 中 | SM022 |
| CM012 | Kalshi's annualized trading volume reached approximately $50B by late 2025, with weekly volume exceeding $1B for the first time in December 2025, and the company disclosed more than 5 million registered users by end of 2025. | 中 | SM024, SM025 |
| CM013 | Kalshi reported approximately $263.5M in fee revenue in 2025, approximately 90-fold growth from approximately $3M in 2023, implying an effective take rate of approximately 0.5% on $50B+ annualized volume—significantly below typical US sportsbook operating margins of 5-7%. | 中 | SM026, SM025 |
| CM014 | Kalshi's March 2026 valuation of approximately $22B against $263.5M in 2025 fee revenue implies a revenue multiple of approximately 84x, far exceeding typical financial exchange multiples of 20-25x earnings for operators like CME Group. | 中 | SM032, SM026, SM015 |
| CM015 | The CFTC Wisconsin lawsuit filed April 28, 2026 identifies Kalshi, ForecastEx, Polymarket, Robinhood, and Coinbase as five entities offering CFTC-regulated or derivative-linked prediction market products in the United States. | 中 | SM004 |
| CM016 | ForecastEx LLC received its CFTC DCM and DCO registration on June 25, 2024, becoming the second licensed prediction market exchange in the United States after Kalshi, creating the first direct structural competitor to Kalshi at the exchange level. | 高 | SM009, SM012 |
| CM017 | ForecastEx promotes interest-bearing collateral for traders and claims the lowest-fee positioning relative to Kalshi, signaling direct price competition in the CFTC-regulated event contract exchange segment. | 中 | SM012 |
| CM018 | Robinhood Derivatives LLC, a CFTC-registered futures commission merchant, distributes Kalshi event contracts to Robinhood's retail brokerage customers and contributed approximately 25-35% of Kalshi's daily trading volume by late 2025. | 中 | SM018, SM026 |
| CM019 | Coinbase Derivatives launched CFTC-regulated event contracts in December 2025, leveraging its large retail cryptocurrency user base as an additional distribution channel for CFTC-supervised prediction market products. | 中 | SM019 |
| CM020 | Fanatics Markets entered the US prediction market as a CFTC-regulated platform, leveraging the Fanatics sports brand and its established sports consumer relationships to position as a sports-focused event contract platform competing with Kalshi for sports outcome traders. | 中 | SM020 |
| CM021 | Legal Sports Report's May 2026 prediction market comparison identifies Kalshi, Fanatics Markets, Crypto.com, and OG as four leading CFTC-regulated prediction market platforms available to US users, with Novig and ProphetX operating in sweepstakes-format models. | 中 | SM020, SM021 |
| CM022 | Sports outcome prediction is the dominant use case for Kalshi event contracts, with retail sports fans—motivated by applying sports knowledge rather than placing fixed-odds bets— constituting the primary buyer segment by revenue contribution, consistent with 89% of 2025 revenue derived from sports event contracts. | 中 | SM026, SM025 |
| CM023 | Between April and May 2026, the CFTC filed lawsuits against Arizona, Connecticut, Illinois, New York, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, asserting exclusive federal jurisdiction over CFTC-regulated prediction markets and seeking to preempt state gambling enforcement actions against those platforms. | 高 | SM005, SM006, SM007, SM004 |
| CM024 | The CFTC secured a temporary restraining order against Arizona's criminal enforcement action against Kalshi, establishing an early favorable court precedent for CFTC preemption of state gambling laws as applied to federal event contract markets. | 中 | SM005 |
| CM025 | The CFTC filed an amicus brief with the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in April 2026 in Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. KalshiEx LLC, No. SJC-13906, reaffirming exclusive CFTC jurisdiction over event contract markets and the preemption of state gambling laws. | 中 | SM006 |
| CM026 | Kalshi launched its prediction market platform in 140+ countries in 2025, extending market access beyond the US regulatory perimeter and creating a demand pool not subject to US state gambling restrictions. | 中 | SM029 |
| CM027 | CNBC established a dedicated prediction markets coverage section and Kalshi's inclusion in TIME's 100 Most Influential Companies of 2026 indicate accelerating mainstream media legitimization of the event contract category. | 中 | SM016, SM031 |
| CM028 | The CFTC signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the NHL on May 21, 2026 for exchange of game-related information to support prediction market integrity monitoring, representing formal sports league engagement with the CFTC-regulated prediction market. | 中 | SM008 |
| CM029 | US regulated sports betting GGR grew from near-zero in 2018 to $13.78B in 2024 following PASPA repeal, a trajectory analogous to the potential growth path for CFTC event contracts if federal preemption definitively removes state-level legal ambiguity for regulated platforms. | 中 | SM001, SM002 |
| CM030 | The American Gaming Association and the Interactive Gaming Alliance issued a joint letter in January 2026 characterizing sports event contracts—including those on Kalshi—as "unregulated," despite Kalshi's active CFTC DCM designation and the CFTC's stated exclusive regulatory jurisdiction, creating a contradictory public framing between the industry and the federal regulator. | 中 | SM003, SM027 |
| CM031 | The AGA's 2026 newsroom reporting identified prediction markets as an "emerging risk" flagged by commercial gaming executives, indicating organized gaming industry opposition to the event contract category. | 中 | SM003 |
| CM032 | ForecastEx's explicit lowest-fee positioning and interest-bearing collateral offering signal that competitive pressure may compress Kalshi's effective take rate over time as the CFTC-regulated prediction market segment matures and liquidity accumulates. | 中 | SM012 |
| CM033 | Kalshi generated approximately 89% of its 2025 fee revenue from sports event contracts, creating material concentration risk if CFTC rulemaking, Congressional action, or judicial decisions restrict the sports contract product line. | 中 | SM026, SM025 |
| CM034 | Minnesota enacted legislation specifically criminalizing prediction market contracts including weather-related contracts, triggering a CFTC lawsuit filed May 19, 2026 to block enforcement under the federal preemption doctrine. | 中 | SM007 |
| CM035 | The CFTC-NHL MOU for game information sharing signals that major sports leagues may seek additional controls, compensation, or licensing arrangements related to prediction market use of their game outcomes, potentially introducing future regulatory or contractual constraints on sports contract scope. | 中 | SM008 |
| CM036 | DraftKings and FanDuel, which dominate US regulated sports betting, had made no public announcement of plans to launch competing CFTC-registered event contract exchanges as of May 2026, leaving the prediction market segment without direct sports betting incumbent competition at the DCM exchange level. | 中 | SM017, SM016 |
| CM037 | No public disclosure of Kalshi's monthly active user count, trade frequency distribution, or user retention metrics exists as of May 2026, preventing independent verification of engagement depth and user quality from any publicly available source. | 中 | SM025, SM029 |
| CM038 | Kalshi processed over $52B in cumulative contract volume by March 2026, approximately doubling the cumulative figure from mid-2025, indicating approximately 2x volume growth in under twelve months. | 中 | SM023, SM025 |
| CM039 | Kalshi's revenue composition of approximately 89% sports contracts and approximately 11% across political, economic, weather, and entertainment markets reflects both consumer demand concentration and the product expansion timeline—sports contracts were only enabled by court rulings starting in 2024. | 中 | SM026, SM022 |
| CM040 | US commercial gaming operators have direct financial incentives to oppose CFTC prediction markets because sports event contracts compete for the same consumer intent—predicting sports outcomes—while operating under a federal regulatory framework that bypasses state gambling licensing regimes and the associated tax and fee obligations. | 中 | SM003, SM027 |
| CP001 | As of May 2026, Kalshi is one of three CFTC-designated entities in the US event contract market: Kalshi (designated November 2020), ForecastEx (June 2024), and PredictIt's newly approved regulated exchange structure (September 2025). | 高 | SP005, SP007, SP013 |
| CP002 | ForecastEx was designated as a CFTC Designated Contract Market (DCM) in June 2024, making it the only other active DCM for event contracts besides Kalshi as of May 2026. | 高 | SP005, SP013 |
| CP003 | Polymarket is a cryptocurrency-based prediction market founded in 2020 by Shayne Coplan, headquartered in Manhattan, operating on the Polygon blockchain with USDC collateral, and does not hold a CFTC DCM license as of May 2026. | 高 | SP001, SP006 |
| CP004 | Polymarket blocked US user access from 2022 to December 2, 2025, following a CFTC consent order for running an unregistered derivatives-trading platform; US access resumed on December 2, 2025, following the Trump administration's regulatory thaw. | 中 | SP006, SP019 |
| CP005 | Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) invested up to $2 billion in Polymarket in October 2025, valuing it at $8 billion; by February 2026 Polymarket was valued at $9 billion. | 高 | SP006, SP016 |
| CP006 | The Iowa Electronic Markets, operated by the University of Iowa Tippie College of Business, is a not-for-profit academic prediction market operating under CFTC no-action letters with a $5–$500 per-trader investment cap; it is not a commercial competitor to Kalshi. | 高 | SP004, SP008 |
| CP007 | The American Gaming Association's gaming map (americangaming.org) explicitly frames prediction market sports event contracts as "still sports betting" and documents state tax revenue lost to prediction market platforms, positioning the AGA as an organized institutional opponent of Kalshi's sports contract business. | 高 | SP014, SP015 |
| CP008 | US sports-betting operators generated $13.78 billion in GGR in 2024 (aggregate), and total US commercial gaming GGR reached $125 billion in 2025, establishing the scale of the adjacent behavioral substitute market for prediction market users. | 高 | SP014, SP026 |
| CP009 | Sports betting is live and legal in 38 states and Washington DC as of February 2025 under state gaming licenses, while Kalshi operates under CFTC federal jurisdiction that preempts state gambling laws — the two legal frameworks are structurally different and not directly competitive in regulatory terms. | 高 | SP014, SP013 |
| CP010 | PredictIt's CFTC-approved regulated exchange (September 2025) replaced its prior no-action letter structure; under the new terms, the $850 single-contract cap was raised to $3,500 and the 5,000-person-per-market cap was eliminated. | 高 | SP007, SP010, SP011 |
| CP011 | PredictIt's CFTC-approved exchange and clearinghouse was scheduled to launch in October 2025 but has not disclosed post-launch volume, user count, or market depth metrics as of May 2026. | 中 | SP007, SP011 |
| CP012 | ForecastEx publicly claims "lower fees than any of the competitors" and passes interest earned on fully collateralized Forecast Contracts to members via an Incentive Coupon, potentially creating a net-negative effective fee for high-volume traders. | 中 | SP005, SP023 |
| CP013 | ForecastEx's official product materials reference economic, climate, and political event categories; sports contracts are not mentioned on its homepage or product pages as of May 2026. | 中 | SP005, SP023 |
| CP014 | Polymarket's self-description as the "World's Largest Prediction Market" is supported by documented $3.3 billion wagered on the 2024 US presidential race alone, representing by far the largest single event volume in any prediction market to date. | 高 | SP006, SP001 |
| CP015 | Kalshi's implied effective take rate on event contracts is approximately 0.5%, derived from $263.5 million in 2025 fee revenue against $50 billion+ annualized volume; this rate is not a published contractual fee schedule. | 中 | SP020, SP027 |
| CP016 | PredictIt's prior fee structure under the no-action letter included a 10% fee on net winnings per contract and a 5% withdrawal fee; the fee structure under its new CFTC-licensed exchange has not been publicly disclosed as of May 2026. | 中 | SP007 |
| CP017 | Polymarket operates a Central Limit Order Book (CLOB) with an open developer API and client library (docs.polymarket.com), enabling programmatic trading and third-party market-making that Kalshi's platform does not replicate with equivalent openness. | 中 | SP018, SP028 |
| CP018 | Polymarket's USDC/Polygon crypto infrastructure enables self-custodied, permissionless participation for users who hold USDC, without requiring identity verification or FCM intermediation — contrasting with Kalshi's KYC-required FCM model. | 高 | SP001, SP006, SP018 |
| CP019 | Polymarket is banned in France and Brazil; the US block from 2022 to December 2025 was regulatory rather than permanent, and the platform added Donald Trump Jr. as an advisor following 1789 Capital's investment in the company. | 中 | SP006, SP019 |
| CP020 | Polymarket CEO Shayne Coplan's home was raided by FBI agents in November 2024; the DOJ and CFTC dropped their probe into Polymarket in July 2025 following the Trump administration's shift in regulatory posture. | 中 | SP006, SP019 |
| CP021 | Wikipedia and the Wall Street Journal have documented that Polymarket markets constitute a "legal and ethical grey area," with 0.1% of accounts netting 67% of profits, more than 70% of users losing money, and multiple documented insider trading incidents. | 中 | SP006, SP019 |
| CP022 | 63% of trades on Polymarket are sports bets (per Wikipedia citation of platform data), meaning Polymarket directly competes with Kalshi in the same sports-contract user segment that generates 89% of Kalshi's revenue. | 中 | SP006 |
| CP023 | The New York Times published a review finding that Polymarket's social media accounts had published hundreds of false and misleading posts, creating content accuracy and reputational risk that regulated FCM partners are unlikely to accept. | 中 | SP006, SP020 |
| CP024 | ICE's $2 billion investment in Polymarket in October 2025 gives Polymarket institutional infrastructure and financial firepower that could support a future CFTC DCM license application, representing the highest-impact competitive scenario for Kalshi's regulatory moat. | 中 | SP005, SP016, SP006 |
| CP025 | PredictIt is focused exclusively on political and election markets; it does not offer sports event contracts and is therefore not a direct competitor in Kalshi's dominant revenue category (89% sports revenue) as of May 2026. | 高 | SP007, SP003 |
| CP026 | PredictIt's transition from the no-action letter model to a full CFTC-licensed exchange structure removes the constraints that limited its competitiveness for years (5,000-person cap and $850 position ceiling), but the political-only scope means it cannot directly replicate Kalshi's sports market. | 中 | SP007, SP010, SP011 |
| CP027 | ForecastEx has disclosed no volume, user count, distribution partnerships, or operational metrics since its June 2024 CFTC designation, making it impossible to assess whether its low-fee positioning represents a meaningful competitive threat or an effectively dormant DCM. | 中 | SP005, SP023 |
| CP028 | The AGA's joint January 2026 letter with the iGaming industry characterized Kalshi and other prediction market platforms as "unregulated" despite Kalshi's active CFTC DCM status, reflecting the incumbent gaming industry's competitive interest in restricting the category. | 高 | SP014, SP015, SP020 |
| CP029 | No major US sports-betting operator (DraftKings, FanDuel, BetMGM, Caesars) has publicly filed for a CFTC DCM license or announced a CFTC-regulated event contract product as of May 2026; the industry's competitive response to date is primarily lobbying rather than product market entry. | 中 | SP014, SP015 |
| CP030 | Iowa Electronic Markets' $5–$500 investment cap and academic not-for-profit structure preclude it from competing commercially; it predates Kalshi by 32 years and serves as an academic forecasting tool, not a retail prediction market. | 高 | SP004, SP008, SP019 |
| CP031 | Robinhood's FCM integration with Kalshi accounts for approximately 25–35% of Kalshi's daily event contract volume, representing the largest single distribution advantage over any competing DCM as of May 2026. | 高 | SP020, SP027 |
| CP032 | Kalshi's brokerage distribution includes Robinhood, Coinbase, and Fanatics Markets as FCM partners; no competing CFTC DCM (ForecastEx, PredictIt new exchange) has disclosed equivalent FCM distribution partnerships as of May 2026. | 高 | SP020, SP027, SP005 |
| CP033 | ForecastEx's Incentive Coupon model — passing interest earned on collateral to trading members — creates a structural fee advantage over Kalshi's flat transaction fee model if ForecastEx achieves meaningful liquidity, potentially exerting downward pressure on Kalshi's effective take rate. | 中 | SP005, SP023 |
| CP034 | Kalshi's cumulative event contract volume exceeded $52 billion by March 2026, creating a liquidity network effect — tighter bid-ask spreads and deeper order books — that a new entrant would require substantial external liquidity injection to replicate. | 高 | SP020, SP027 |
| CP035 | The CFTC filed preemption suits against six states (Arizona, Connecticut, Illinois, New York, Wisconsin, Minnesota) in April–May 2026 to block state gambling enforcement against Kalshi's regulated prediction markets, creating a regulatory moat that unregulated competitors like Polymarket cannot access. | 高 | SP013, SP022, SP020 |
| CP036 | Polymarket's open CLOB developer API (docs.polymarket.com) enables programmatic trading, algorithmic market-making, and third-party application development that Kalshi does not replicate with equivalent openness, representing a technical ecosystem advantage for Polymarket among quantitative and crypto-native traders. | 中 | SP017, SP018, SP028 |
| CP037 | Kalshi's 89% sports revenue concentration means that any regulatory restriction on sports event contracts (via future CFTC rulemaking or a court ruling against preemption) would collapse the majority of Kalshi's revenue base, a concentration risk not shared by Polymarket or traditional sportsbooks. | 高 | SP020, SP027 |
| CP038 | Kalshi's DCM designation preceded ForecastEx's by approximately 3.5 years (November 2020 vs. June 2024), providing a first-mover advantage in building market liquidity, FCM relationships, and user base that is reflected in the current distribution gap between the two platforms. | 高 | SP013, SP005 |
| CP039 | Prediction market users have demonstrated willingness to multi-home across platforms — using Polymarket for global and crypto-native event trading while using Kalshi for regulated US contract access — which limits Kalshi's ability to capture exclusive user loyalty but also limits any single competitor's ability to fully substitute for Kalshi. | 中 | SP001, SP002, SP006 |
| CP040 | ForecastEx's post-designation volume and user metrics are entirely undisclosed; until ForecastEx publishes operational data, its competitive threat to Kalshi is unquantifiable and may represent either a nascent rival or an effectively dormant DCM. | 低 | |
| CP041 | PredictIt's new exchange launched in October 2025 but has not published volume or user data as of May 2026; whether it successfully scaled from the constrained no-action letter model is an open diligence question. | 低 | |
| CP042 | The permanence of Polymarket's US regulatory accommodation is contingent on the Trump administration's CFTC stance; a future administration could reimpose the 2022 consent order restriction, materially altering the competitive landscape. | 低 | |
| CP043 | No confirmed evidence of Robinhood exclusivity terms with Kalshi is publicly available; whether the Robinhood FCM distribution is exclusive to Kalshi or could be extended to ForecastEx or another DCM is an unresolved diligence item. | 低 | |
| CI001 | Kalshi operates a pure-exchange revenue model, earning per-contract transaction fees on event contract trades without taking directional positions against users. | 高 | SI020, SI008 |
| CI002 | Kalshi reported $263.5 million in fee revenue for full-year 2025. | 高 | SI009, SI024 |
| CI003 | Approximately 89% of Kalshi's 2025 fee revenue came from sports event contracts. | 高 | SI009, SI025 |
| CI004 | Event contracts on Kalshi are priced between $0.01 and $0.99 per share during active trading. | 高 | SI020, SI008 |
| CI005 | Each Kalshi event contract settles at $1.00 if the specified outcome occurs or $0.00 if it does not. | 高 | SI020, SI001 |
| CI006 | Kalshi's implied take rate on 2025 notional trading volume was approximately 0.53%, derived from $263.5 million in reported fee revenue against $50+ billion in volume. | 中 | SI009, SI010 |
| CI007 | Kalshi charges per-contract transaction fees and does not charge membership, subscription, or recurring user fees. | 中 | SI008, SI020 |
| CI008 | Kalshi does not take positions against its users, functioning exclusively as a marketplace intermediary. | 高 | SI020, SI008 |
| CI009 | Robinhood's Kalshi integration, launched March 2025, contributed approximately 25–35% of Kalshi's daily trading volume on active sports days by October 2025. | 中 | SI002, SI010 |
| CI010 | Kalshi processed over $2 billion in weekly trading volume during peak event periods in early 2026. | 中 | SI021, SI014 |
| CI011 | Kalshi reached approximately $50 billion in annualized notional trading volume by October 2025. | 中 | SI010 |
| CI012 | Weekly trading volume on Kalshi exceeded $1 billion per week by December 2025. | 高 | SI011, SI013 |
| CI013 | Kalshi's annualized revenue run rate reached approximately $1.5 billion as of March 2026, per management guidance. | 中 | SI014, SI003 |
| CI014 | Super Bowl LX in February 2026 generated approximately $1 billion in single-day trading volume on Kalshi. | 高 | SI001, SI021 |
| CI015 | Kalshi had 5 million or more registered users as of May 2026. | 高 | SI009, SI011 |
| CI016 | Kalshi's headcount grew from approximately 70 employees in October 2025 to 494 by April 2026. | 中 | SI016, SI010 |
| CI017 | The Massachusetts AG's enforcement inquiry documented over $1 billion in sports wagers from 3.4 million individual bets placed on Kalshi in the first half of 2025. | 中 | SI010 |
| CI018 | Kalshi's implied revenue per registered user was approximately $52.70 based on 2025 fee revenue ($263.5M) and May 2026 user count (5M+); the figure is likely understated due to the timing mismatch. | 低 | SI009 |
| CI019 | The $185 million Series C round closed in June 2025 was Kalshi's first major institutional financing event following CFTC DCM designation, bringing cumulative disclosed equity financing to approximately $285 million and providing balance-sheet capacity for post-regulatory platform buildout and market-maker onboarding. | 高 | SI017, SI010, SI013 |
| CI020 | The $300 million Series D completed in October 2025 added to Kalshi's institutional equity base—growing disclosed financing to approximately $585 million—and established the runway for simultaneous retail-contract expansion and exchange infrastructure investment ahead of the Series E. | 高 | SI010, SI007 |
| CI021 | Kalshi closed a $1 billion Series E at an $11 billion post-money valuation in December 2025. | 高 | SI011, SI006, SI013 |
| CI022 | The SEC Form D filing (accession 0001231919-25-000572, filed December 4, 2025) confirms Kalshi's Series E at $999,996,557—approximately $1 billion. | 高 | SI006, SI005 |
| CI023 | A prior SEC Form D (accession 0001231919-25-000391, filed October 30, 2025) recorded $124,999,957 in Kalshi Inc. proceeds with first sale date of June 24, 2025, representing a tranche of the Series D round. | 高 | SI007, SI005 |
| CI024 | Kalshi closed a $1 billion Series F led by Coatue Management at a $22 billion post-money valuation in March 2026. | 高 | SI003, SI012, SI013 |
| CI025 | Baillie Gifford invested an additional $200 million in a Kalshi Series F add-on in May 2026, keeping the post-money valuation at $22 billion. | 中 | SI012, SI014 |
| CI026 | Kalshi has raised approximately $2.8 billion in total disclosed equity financing as of May 2026. | 高 | SI016, SI013 |
| CI027 | Kalshi's institutional investor syndicate includes Sequoia Capital, Paradigm, and Coatue Management as lead investors across multiple rounds. | 高 | SI018, SI016, SI013 |
| CI028 | At a $22 billion valuation against $263.5 million in 2025 fee revenue, Kalshi's implied price-to-revenue multiple is approximately 84x. | 中 | SI003, SI009 |
| CI029 | Kalshi's Series A is confirmed by SEC Form D filing 0001806928-21-000001, filed February 23, 2021, with Kalshi Inc. (CIK 0001806928) as the filer. | 高 | SI005, SI006 |
| CI030 | Kalshi has not published audited financial statements; as a privately held DCM, its only public SEC disclosure obligation consists of Form D exempt-offering notices. | 高 | SI005, SI020 |
| CI031 | Kalshi's income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement are not publicly available from any source. | 高 | SI005, SI019 |
| CI032 | Kalshi's gross margin is not publicly disclosed; comparable exchange businesses typically operate at 60–80% gross margins, but no Kalshi-specific evidence supports this range. | 低 | SI019 |
| CI033 | Kalshi's 494-person headcount (April 2026) implies an estimated annual labor cost of approximately $99 million at $200,000 per employee, likely understating the fully-loaded cost. | 低 | SI016 |
| CI034 | CFTC fine amounts arising from Kalshi's self-reported Rule 5.17(z) violations are not publicly disclosed in any regulatory or news source reviewed. | 中 | SI019, SI022 |
| CI035 | A 1 basis-point reduction in Kalshi's take rate equates to approximately $5 million in annual revenue at 2025 notional volume of $50 billion. | 中 | SI009, SI010 |
| CI036 | Kalshi's 89% revenue concentration in sports event contracts creates material seasonality and regulatory risk from any adverse action targeting sports wagering. | 中 | SI009, SI023 |
| CI037 | The American Gaming Association has publicly characterized prediction market platforms as competitive threats to regulated sports betting, supporting lobbying for more restrictive treatment. | 高 | SI023, SI025 |
| CI038 | The CFTC filed its first-ever insider-trading complaint involving event contracts (Van Dyke, April 2026), establishing enforcement precedent that increases compliance surveillance obligations for all CFTC-regulated event contract markets including Kalshi. | 高 | SI004, SI019 |
| CI039 | The SEC EDGAR filings index for Kalshi Inc. (CIK 0001806928) confirms five Form D filings between 2020 and 2025, validating multiple discrete equity financing tranches. | 高 | SI005, SI006 |
| CI040 | NBC News noted that Kalshi's U.S.-dollar-denominated settlement model—unlike crypto-based prediction platforms—reduces participation friction for mainstream retail investors and may support broader user-base and volume growth. | 中 | SI008 |
| CE001 | Kalshi binary event contracts are priced between $0.01 and $0.99, representing the market's probability estimate; the winning side settles at $1.00 and the losing side at $0.00 per contract at resolution. | 高 | SE017, SE009, SE001 |
| CE002 | Kalshi provides a REST API and a real-time WebSocket API for programmatic market access and trading. | 高 | SE001, SE022 |
| CE003 | The Kalshi production REST API is hosted at external-api.kalshi.com/trade-api/v2 and api.elections.kalshi.com/trade-api/v2; the current API specification version is 3.19.0. | 高 | SE002, SE003 |
| CE004 | Kalshi provides a sandbox/demo environment at demo-api.kalshi.co/trade-api/v2 and demo-api.kalshi.co for developer testing without real-money risk. | 高 | SE003, SE001 |
| CE005 | Kalshi publishes kalshi-python (v2.1.4) on PyPI, an auto-generated Python SDK supporting Python 3.9+, built with OpenAPI Generator v7.15.0. | 高 | SE008, SE001 |
| CE006 | Kalshi's GitHub organization hosts at minimum three public repositories relevant to developers: kalshi-starter-code-python (94 stars, 69 forks), tools-and-analysis (19 stars, 10 forks), and a QuickFIX/Go fork for FIX protocol support. | 高 | SE004, SE005, SE006, SE007, SE001 |
| CE007 | Kalshi's API supports four order types: limit, market, immediate-or-cancel (IOC), and good-till-canceled (GTC); expiring orders (GTT) are available by combining GTC with an expiration_ts parameter. | 高 | SE003, SE001 |
| CE008 | Each Kalshi user may maintain up to 200,000 open orders simultaneously. | 高 | SE003, SE001 |
| CE009 | Kalshi API authentication uses RSA or ECDSA private-key signing; each request must include three headers: kalshiAccessKey, kalshiAccessSignature, and kalshiAccessTimestamp. | 高 | SE003, SE008 |
| CE010 | Kalshi's API rate limits operate on a per-tier token-bucket system; the default cost is 10 tokens per request, and per-user tier limits are retrievable via GET /account/limits. | 高 | SE002, SE003 |
| CE011 | Kalshi publishes an AsyncAPI specification for its WebSocket API alongside the OpenAPI 3.0 specification for the REST API, both downloadable from docs.kalshi.com. | 高 | SE001, SE022 |
| CE012 | Kalshi's official API documentation portal at docs.kalshi.com includes getting-started guides, API key management, a demo environment reference, WebSocket tutorials, a glossary, rate-limit documentation, and a changelog. | 高 | SE001, SE022 |
| CE013 | Kalshi maintains a fork of QuickFIX/Go (the leading open-source Go FIX Protocol library), last updated February 2026, supporting FIX 4.0 through FIX 5.0 SP2 and signaling Kalshi's intent to support institutional-grade FIX connectivity. | 高 | SE007, SE004, SE001 |
| CE014 | Robinhood launched its Prediction Markets Hub in early 2025, powered by Kalshi as the underlying exchange, enabling Robinhood's retail user base to trade event contracts inside the Robinhood app. | 高 | SE017, SE018, SE009 |
| CE015 | By October 2025, Robinhood users accounted for approximately 25–35% of Kalshi's daily trading volume on active sports days. | 中 | SE017, SE014 |
| CE016 | Webull integrated Kalshi event contracts into its retail trading application in 2025, establishing a second major brokerage distribution channel for Kalshi. | 中 | SE017 |
| CE017 | Kalshi's event catalog spans six primary categories: sports, macroeconomic indicators (CPI, Federal Reserve decisions, GDP), politics, weather, entertainment, and cryptocurrency milestones. | 高 | SE009, SE017, SE010 |
| CE018 | Kalshi launched a Market Maker Program in May 2025, including Susquehanna Investment Group and Kalshi Trading LLC (an affiliated entity) as market makers. | 高 | SE010, SE009 |
| CE019 | Kalshi's taker-fee formula has a quadratic relationship to the contract's current price, charging the highest per-share fees at mid-range prices (approximately $0.40– $0.60) and lower fees near 0 or 1. | 高 | SE010, SE009 |
| CE020 | Approximately 40% of all Kalshi contract shares are traded within two hours of market closing, and more than half of shares priced at $0.90 or above are exchanged in that final window. | 高 | SE010, SE009 |
| CE021 | Sports event contracts accounted for approximately 89% of Kalshi's 2025 total fee revenue; in recent months (Q3–Q4 2025 and into 2026) that figure appears to hover closer to 95%. | 高 | SE010, SE012 |
| CE022 | Kalshi reported approximately $1 billion in trading volume for Super Bowl LX on February 10, 2026, demonstrating peak exchange throughput during a single sporting event. | 高 | SE013, SE014 |
| CE023 | Following a January 2026 Massachusetts Superior Court preliminary injunction, Kalshi deployed geofencing technology to block Massachusetts IP addresses from accessing sports-related markets. | 高 | SE009, SE015 |
| CE024 | Kalshi Exchange Rule 5.17(z) prohibits any trader who is a "decision maker" or has direct or indirect influence over an event's outcome from trading contracts tied to that event. | 高 | SE015, SE020 |
| CE025 | On April 22, 2026, Kalshi published three disciplinary notices against political candidates who traded contracts on their own elections, imposing five-year suspensions and financial penalties ranging from $540 to $6,229. | 高 | SE015, SE016, SE020 |
| CE026 | Kalshi explicitly prohibits war markets, assassination markets, and contracts directly tied to death as a platform policy enforced through contract design rather than CFTC rule. | 高 | SE011, SE009 |
| CE027 | Kalshi holds a CFTC Designated Contract Market license, granted in November 2020 — the same regulatory tier as CME Group and Cboe — which subjects it to CFTC market surveillance and rule-enforcement obligations. | 高 | SE016, SE017, SE009 |
| CE028 | In February 2026, a video editor for the YouTuber MrBeast was fined and suspended from Kalshi for suspected insider trading, one of several enforcement actions highlighting insider-trading risks on the platform. | 中 | SE009 |
| CE029 | Kalshi froze approximately $77 million in winnings from a market tied to Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei being "out" after his death, citing its policy against "transactions directly tied to death" — a settlement decision that provoked widespread user criticism. | 高 | SE009, SE011 |
| CE030 | A Federal Reserve working paper published in February 2026 found that Kalshi's prediction-market probability data matched or outperformed traditional Wall Street forecasting tools on CPI and interest rate indicators. | 中 | SE012 |
| CE031 | CNN and CNBC began publishing Kalshi probability data alongside polls and expert forecasts as a live data integration by early 2026. | 高 | SE012, SE014 |
| CE032 | Kalshi sports market descriptions use generic city names (e.g., "Pro Football Champion: Chicago") instead of official team names and logos because the NFL, NBA, and MLB have not granted Kalshi official data or branding licenses. | 高 | SE010, SE009 |
| CE033 | The NFL, NBA, and MLB each submitted letters to the CFTC in 2025 expressing concerns about Kalshi's ability to regulate sports-related prediction-market trading, and as of May 2026, no official league data agreement has been publicly announced. | 高 | SE010, SE009 |
| CE034 | In October 2025, Kalshi expanded its platform to 140-plus countries, restricting access in 38 jurisdictions including Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and Russia. | 高 | SE017, SE009, SE014 |
| CE035 | Kalshi accepts Solana deposits up to $500,000 and supports Bitcoin, USDC, and Worldcoin as deposit methods through blockchain partnership integrations, and has grant programs with Solana and Base developer ecosystems. | 中 | SE017 |
| CE036 | Kalshi's API v3.19.0 includes RFQ (request-for-quote) endpoints for block trades and multivariate event market support, extending the platform beyond simple Yes/No single-outcome contracts. | 高 | SE003, SE022 |
| CE037 | As a CFTC DCM, Kalshi generates CFTC-reportable exchange data through its API, which is publicly accessible for research and analysis, subject to API rate limits. | 中 | SE001, SE016 |
| CE038 | Kalshi Trading LLC, an affiliated company, trades on the Kalshi exchange itself under the Market Maker Program; the FT described this arrangement as "somewhat controversial" given the potential for conflict of interest with the exchange operator role. | 高 | SE010, SE009 |
| CE039 | The Kalshi Market Maker Program fee schedules, affiliated-entity trading constraints, and volume thresholds are documented in classified CFTC filings and are not publicly disclosed. | 高 | SE010, SE009 |
| CE040 | No verified active Kalshi app listing was accessible on the Apple App Store (at tested App Store IDs) or Google Play Store during this research run on May 24, 2026. | 中 | SE009 |
| CE041 | Kalshi's exchange infrastructure processed approximately $2 billion per week in transaction volume during peak active event periods by early 2026, according to company and CNBC reporting. | 高 | SE013, SE014, SE021 |
| CE042 | Kalshi API specification v3.19.0 covers 14 endpoint functional groups including structured-targets, milestones, live-data, FCM-member-specific endpoints, and multivariate events, indicating ongoing API surface expansion. | 高 | SE003, SE022 |
| CE043 | Kalshi stated its use of Series E proceeds includes "add brokerages, pursue media partnerships and expand its product lineup," representing the closest approximation of a public product roadmap as of late 2025. | 中 | SE018, SE021 |
| CU001 | Public surfaces show Kalshi serves direct retail traders, brokerage-channel traders, and business or institutional accounts rather than a single customer type. | 高 | SU004, SU005, SU015, SU020 |
| CU002 | Direct retail use cases span sports, economics, politics, weather, culture, and other news-linked yes/no contracts. | 中 | SU005, SU007, SU012 |
| CU003 | Robinhood's prediction-markets hub initially focused on politics, economics, and sports rather than Kalshi's full catalog. | 高 | SU015, SU017, SU025 |
| CU004 | Robinhood users trade Kalshi-powered event contracts inside the Robinhood app rather than through a separate Kalshi account. | 高 | SU015, SU016, SU025 |
| CU005 | NexusFi says Robinhood gives 23+ million existing funded-account users a low-friction path into prediction markets because no additional KYC is required beyond standard Robinhood verification. | 中 | SU016 |
| CU006 | Robinhood distributes the same underlying Kalshi contracts while Kalshi remains the exchange and settlement infrastructure behind the product. | 高 | SU015, SU016, SU017 |
| CU007 | Webull announced a partnership to offer Kalshi event contracts through the Webull platform, extending Kalshi beyond its native app. | 中 | SU020, SU026 |
| CU008 | Webull said its broader platform serves more than 20 million registered users globally, which gives Kalshi another potentially large retail distribution surface. | 中 | SU020 |
| CU009 | Kalshi maintains a dedicated institutional onboarding flow for businesses that want to trade on its regulated markets. | 中 | SU004 |
| CU010 | Kalshi's Market Maker Program is live and covers sports, crypto, macro, and event symbols, indicating a formal liquidity-provider customer segment. | 中 | SU003 |
| CU011 | Tradeweb and Kalshi announced plans to deliver Kalshi prediction data and event-contract infrastructure to Tradeweb's more than 3,000 institutional clients. | 中 | SU023 |
| CU012 | Clear Street became the first institutional FCM member of Kalshi's exchange and clearing house in May 2026. | 中 | SU024 |
| CU013 | Direct retail user jobs include news-driven speculation, macro hedging, and sports trading rather than a single gambling-style use case. | 中 | SU005, SU007, SU012 |
| CU014 | Kalshi's direct app explicitly markets to sports fans, traders, investors hedging financial risk, forecasters, and developers building automated strategies. | 中 | SU005, SU007 |
| CU015 | Finder characterizes Kalshi as beginner-friendly and broader on market selection than Robinhood or Interactive Brokers. | 中 | SU012 |
| CU016 | Independent app-review sites describe the mobile product as close to desktop parity with straightforward navigation on both iOS and Android. | 中 | SU010, SU011 |
| CU017 | TIME reported Kalshi had more than 5 million users as of April 2026. | 中 | SU022 |
| CU018 | Apple's App Store showed Kalshi at 4.7 out of 5 across 121,000 ratings on 2026-05-24. | 高 | SU005, SU006 |
| CU019 | Google Play showed Kalshi at 4.7 out of 5 across 23.9 thousand reviews on 2026-05-24. | 中 | SU007 |
| CU020 | App-store customer reviews praise usability and market breadth but repeatedly complain about support responsiveness, glitchy updates, and confusing live-market presentation. | 中 | SU006, SU007 |
| CU021 | Trustpilot's February 2026 snapshot rated kalshi.com as Poor at 2.1 out of 5 and included recurring complaints about withdrawals, support delays, KYC holds, and disputed market resolution. | 中 | SU008 |
| CU022 | PissedConsumer showed a 1.5-star average from 10 reviews and summarized common issues as verification loops, withdrawal failures, refund requests, and unresponsive customer service. | 中 | SU009 |
| CU023 | Webopedia said public reviews are strongest on UI and market variety but weak on withdrawals, customer support, and smaller-market liquidity. | 中 | SU014 |
| CU024 | Alphascope's aggregated review summary rated Kalshi 4.2 out of 5 while flagging lower liquidity, limited variety on niche markets, and KYC delays. | 低 | SU013 |
| CU025 | Review and complaint sources sharply disagree on withdrawal quality, implying customer experience varies materially by user profile, transaction path, or compliance status. | 中 | SU008, SU009, SU013 |
| CU026 | Kalshi says the fastest support path is in-app or web chat, emails enter the same queue, AI handles first-line triage, and phone or text support is unavailable. | 高 | SU002, SU006, SU012 |
| CU027 | Direct Kalshi onboarding requires government ID details that match the user profile because of U.S. regulatory obligations. | 高 | SU001, SU010, SU011 |
| CU028 | Robinhood lowers onboarding friction relative to direct Kalshi because existing users can fund event contracts from their current Robinhood cash balance. | 高 | SU015, SU016, SU025 |
| CU029 | Robinhood's sports expansion in August 2025 broadened Kalshi distribution into a mainstream football audience inside the brokerage app. | 中 | SU018 |
| CU030 | PredictionNews reported Robinhood users traded about $1 billion of Kalshi contracts in Q2 2025, representing more than half of Kalshi's quarterly volume. | 中 | SU018, SU019 |
| CU031 | PredictionNews also reported the Robinhood prediction product had already traded more than 9 billion contracts across more than 1 million users by mid-2026. | 中 | SU019 |
| CU032 | Reuters said Kalshi planned to use new capital to speed consumer adoption, add brokerages, pursue media partnerships, and expand products. | 中 | SU021 |
| CU033 | Reuters reported Kalshi's trading volumes were topping $1 billion weekly by December 2025. | 中 | SU021 |
| CU034 | TIME and Webopedia both said roughly 89% of Kalshi's 2025 revenue came from sports contracts. | 高 | SU022, SU014 |
| CU035 | Sports concentration makes customer engagement and monetization highly dependent on the sports calendar rather than evenly diversified across economics or politics. | 中 | SU018, SU022, SU014 |
| CU036 | Tradeweb described institutional demand for Kalshi as demand for forward-looking event data and macro risk signals inside existing institutional workflows. | 中 | SU023 |
| CU037 | Clear Street described institutional demand as demand for clearing, risk management, block trading, swaps, and deeper liquidity infrastructure tied to event contracts. | 中 | SU024 |
| CU038 | Kalshi's Market Maker Program offers reduced fees and adjusted position limits in exchange for quoting and volume obligations. | 中 | SU003 |
| CU039 | There is no public disclosure in the fetched source set of NRR, GRR, logo churn, renewal rates, or customer counts by channel. | 中 | SU021, SU022, SU023, SU024 |
| CU040 | There is no public disclosure in the fetched source set of top-customer concentration, direct-versus-broker revenue mix, or partner-share economics beyond selected volume anecdotes. | 中 | SU019, SU021, SU022, SU023 |
| CU041 | Public customer evidence is much stronger for acquisition and app engagement than for long-term retention or cohort durability. | 中 | SU005, SU006, SU007, SU021, SU022, SU008 |
| CU042 | Complaint themes cluster around onboarding or KYC loops, support bottlenecks, disputed market resolution, withdrawal delays, and thin liquidity on smaller markets. | 中 | SU006, SU007, SU008, SU009, SU013 |
| CR001 | The D.C. District Court vacated the CFTC's denial of Kalshi's congressional-control event contracts in September 2024, allowing those contracts to list on a federally regulated exchange. | 高 | SR001, SR009 |
| CR002 | The CFTC voted in May 2025 to withdraw its appeal of the Kalshi ruling, ending the federal challenge to political event contracts. | 高 | SR002, SR012, SR030, SR034 |
| CR003 | Better Markets and other independent watchdogs publicly criticised the CFTC's appeal withdrawal as a retreat from election-integrity oversight. | 高 | SR016, SR003 |
| CR004 | Congressional Democrats publicly urged the CFTC in April 2026 to investigate Kalshi and Polymarket for manipulation and insider-trading risk. | 高 | SR003, SR015 |
| CR005 | The House Oversight and Financial Services committees opened a formal probe of Kalshi's and Polymarket's KYC and trade-surveillance practices in May 2026. | 高 | SR011, SR015 |
| CR006 | Kalshi is registered with the CFTC as a Designated Contract Market and a Derivatives Clearing Organization, and is regulated under the Commodity Exchange Act core principles. | 高 | SR001, SR009, SR028 |
| CR007 | Massachusetts Attorney General Andrea Campbell secured a Suffolk Superior Court preliminary injunction in January 2026 blocking Kalshi from offering sports event contracts to Massachusetts residents. | 高 | SR004, SR006 |
| CR008 | A Maryland federal court declined in August 2025 to enjoin Maryland regulators from enforcing state gaming laws against Kalshi's sports contracts. | 高 | SR005, SR006 |
| CR009 | A federal judge in Nevada ruled in November 2025 that Kalshi must stop offering its sports prediction contracts to Nevada residents. | 高 | SR008, SR023 |
| CR010 | The Ninth Circuit declined in February 2026 to stay the Nevada injunction pending appeal, leaving Kalshi temporarily banned in Nevada. | 高 | SR023, SR024 |
| CR011 | Kalshi filed suit against Montana gambling regulators in April 2026 after receiving a second cease-and-desist order targeting its sports contracts. | 中 | SR007 |
| CR012 | The Third Circuit ruled in April 2026 that Kalshi may continue offering sports event contracts in New Jersey while the appeal proceeds. | 高 | SR027, SR025 |
| CR013 | The Ho-Chunk Nation filed a federal lawsuit against Kalshi in 2026 alleging the platform's sports contracts violate the tribe's gaming compact. | 中 | SR026, SR025 |
| CR014 | At least seven U.S. states have issued cease-and-desist orders or filed enforcement actions against Kalshi's sports event contracts as of mid-2026. | 高 | SR006, SR031, SR019 |
| CR015 | Plaintiffs in Brown v. Kalshi filed a proposed federal class action in April 2026 alleging Kalshi runs an unlicensed sports betting platform under the label 'event contracts'. | 高 | SR021, SR022 |
| CR016 | Arizona authorities filed criminal-style enforcement actions against Kalshi traders linked to a disputed $54 million Khamenei-market payout, exposing the platform to settlement-integrity claims. | 中 | SR010 |
| CR017 | Kalshi publicly banned current members of Congress, congressional candidates, and political operatives from trading the markets they can influence, in its February 2026 guardrails announcement. | 高 | SR014, SR013 |
| CR018 | Kalshi states that it operates continuous KYC and trade surveillance and partners with Solidus Labs and Wharton researchers on a Market Surveillance Advisory Committee. | 中 | SR013, SR014 |
| CR019 | The CFTC issued a prediction-markets enforcement advisory in March 2026 highlighting that its Section 6(c)(1) and Rule 180.1 anti-manipulation authority reaches event contracts. | 高 | SR028, SR029 |
| CR020 | Sacra estimates that roughly 89% of Kalshi's 2025 fee revenue came from sports event contracts, creating heavy revenue concentration in the most legally contested category. | 中 | SR032 |
| CR021 | Independent coverage describes Robinhood's prediction-markets hub as driving an outsized share of Kalshi's daily contract volume, concentrating distribution risk in a single broker. | 中 | SR033, SR032 |
| CR022 | Casino and tribal gaming lobbies, led by the American Gaming Association, are urging Congress to constrain prediction markets they say are unlicensed sports books. | 高 | SR019, SR017, SR025 |
| CR023 | Kalshi has launched Americans for Fair Markets, an advocacy coalition designed to counter gaming-industry opposition and shape federal policy on prediction markets. | 中 | SR020, SR017 |
| CR024 | Public reporting documents that Kalshi has materially increased federal lobbying spend and political donations as state pushback intensifies in 2026. | 中 | SR018, SR017 |
| CR025 | Kalshi's terms of service impose mandatory arbitration on users and reserve broad discretion to suspend trading and resolve disputed markets. | 中 | SR035 |
| CR026 | Public app-review surfaces continue to report withdrawal delays and disputed settlements, which the chapter treats as an operational and reputational risk channel. | 中 | SR010, SR035 |
| CR027 | CEO Tarek Mansour is the highly public face of Kalshi's regulatory, political, and fundraising posture, concentrating reputational and execution risk in one person. | 中 | SR017, SR020 |
| CR028 | Independent analysts and lawyers describe the existence of a federal-preemption split between courts that have backed CFTC exclusivity and state courts that have not. | 高 | SR005, SR009, SR027 |
| CR029 | The CFTC dismissed its election-contracts appeal without a settlement that constrains Kalshi's product, leaving Kalshi free to expand political markets on a registered exchange. | 高 | SR002, SR012, SR030 |
| CR030 | Kalshi's regulatory posture depends on remaining in good standing as a CFTC-regulated DCM/DCO; loss of that status would be an existential business risk. | 高 | SR001, SR006, SR009 |
| CR031 | Several state actions accuse Kalshi of operating an unlicensed sportsbook, creating residual exposure to civil penalties, refunds, and forced market withdrawal even where the CFTC has not acted. | 高 | SR004, SR008, SR022, SR031 |
| CR032 | Federal preemption is unresolved at the Supreme Court level as of May 2026, leaving a multi-year window where Kalshi must litigate state-by-state. | 中 | SR009, SR027, SR008 |
| CR033 | Customer-protection plaintiffs and watchdogs argue that Kalshi's sports event contracts are functionally sports betting and should be regulated as such under state gaming law. | 中 | SR021, SR022, SR016, SR019 |
| CR034 | Independent legal coverage shows that Kalshi has lost on the merits in at least two state-focused federal proceedings (Nevada, Maryland) even as it has won the broader federal election-contracts fight. | 高 | SR005, SR008, SR031 |
| CR035 | The combination of state injunctions, tribal litigation, congressional probes, and class-action suits creates a multi-front legal exposure profile that is unusually broad for a Series-stage exchange. | 中 | SR004, SR008, SR015, SR021, SR025 |
| CR036 | Kalshi's market-integrity disclosures rely on company sources rather than independently audited assurance, leaving residual uncertainty about how often surveillance triggers actually fire. | 中 | SR013, SR014 |
| CR037 | Bipartisan congressional pressure (Democratic letters plus oversight committee probes) signals legislative risk independent of the CFTC's posture. | 高 | SR003, SR011, SR015 |
| CR038 | Kalshi's exposure to a single regulator (CFTC) and a single dominant retail channel (Robinhood) creates concentrated dependency risk on its top partners. | 中 | SR002, SR032, SR033 |
| CR039 | Adverse coverage and complaint surfaces explicitly tie Kalshi's reputational risk to disputed settlements and slow customer support, not just to regulatory news flow. | 中 | SR010, SR035 |
| CR040 | Public documentation does not disclose Kalshi's cash burn, capital reserves, or financial cushion to absorb sustained litigation costs, which is itself a financial-risk diligence gap. | 低 | SR017, SR032 |
| CR041 | Kalshi's stance and disclosures are heavily orchestrated by founder-CEO Tarek Mansour, whose departure or distraction would materially affect regulatory and capital-markets posture. | 中 | SR017, SR020 |
| CR042 | The collective public record of state losses, tribal suits, class actions, and probes makes the next 12 months unusually rich in monitorable kill-criteria events for an investor. | 中 | SR008, SR025, SR021, SR015, SR031 |
| CV001 | Kalshi's Series C in June 2025, raising $185 million led by Paradigm, established the company's first major institutional benchmark at $2 billion enterprise value—the base of an 11x, nine-month step-up cycle—implying an early-stage exchange premium consistent with regulatory-moat platforms at that stage of capital deployment. | 中 | SV006, SV007, SV008 |
| CV002 | Kalshi raised $300 million in a Series D round in August 2025 led by Sequoia Capital and Andreessen Horowitz at a $5 billion post-money valuation. | 中 | SV004 |
| CV003 | Kalshi raised $1 billion in a Series E round in December 2025 led by Paradigm at an $11 billion post-money valuation, with participation from Sequoia, Andreessen Horowitz, ARK Invest, and others. | 高 | SV001, SV005, SV018 |
| CV004 | Kalshi's March 2026 Series F, led by Coatue Management on approximately $1 billion committed, priced the company at roughly $22 billion—an 84x multiple on trailing 2025 fee revenue of $263.5 million—representing an 11x enterprise step-up from the December 2025 Series E close within three months; terms had not been officially confirmed by Kalshi as of 2026-05-24. | 高 | SV002, SV003, SV019, SV020 |
| CV005 | Kalshi's total capital raised across all rounds exceeded $2.8 billion as of the Series F close, with earlier seed, Y Combinator, and pre-Series C rounds included. | 中 | SV002, SV004, SV018 |
| CV006 | Kalshi's valuation stepped up from $2 billion (June 2025) to $22 billion (March 2026) in less than ten months—an 11x increase driven by six institutional rounds. | 高 | SV001, SV002, SV003, SV004, SV005, SV006 |
| CV007 | Polymarket secured up to $2 billion in strategic investment from Intercontinental Exchange (ICE, parent of NYSE) at an $8 billion pre-money valuation in October 2025. | 中 | SV004, SV018 |
| CV008 | Polymarket's implied secondary-market valuation reached approximately $11.6 billion by January 2026, per Yahoo Finance reporting. | 中 | SV002 |
| CV009 | The Series F reported financing status as 'nearly closed' per sourced Yahoo Finance reporting; terms had not been officially confirmed by Kalshi as of 2026-05-24. | 中 | SV002 |
| CV010 | At the Series F $22 billion valuation against Kalshi's $1.5 billion March 2026 annualized run rate, the implied price-to-revenue multiple is approximately 14.7x. | 中 | SV002, SV019 |
| CV011 | CME Group reported 2024 revenue of $6.13 billion and net income of $3.48 billion per its 2024 annual report. | 高 | SV013, SV015 |
| CV012 | CME Group's aggregate market value was approximately $98.9 billion as of June 30, 2025, per its 2025 10-K filing, implying a price-to-2024-revenue multiple of approximately 16x. | 高 | SV013, SV009 |
| CV013 | Robinhood Markets reported 2025 revenue of $4.47 billion and net income of $1.88 billion per Wikipedia's verified 2025 income statement data. | 中 | SV016, SV010 |
| CV014 | Robinhood's market capitalization was approximately $118.18 billion in November 2025, implying a price-to-2025-revenue multiple of approximately 26x. | 中 | SV026, SV016 |
| CV015 | DraftKings reported trailing-twelve-months revenue of approximately $5.41 billion as of June 2025 and had a market capitalization of $10.83 billion in March 2026, implying approximately a 2x price-to-revenue multiple. | 中 | SV011, SV027 |
| CV016 | Flutter Entertainment reported 2025 revenue of $16.38 billion and had a market capitalization of approximately $46.75 billion in June 2025, implying approximately a 2.9x price-to-revenue multiple. | 中 | SV012, SV028 |
| CV017 | Applying a gaming/sports-betting multiple of 2–3x to Kalshi's $1.5 billion run rate implies an intrinsic value of $3–4.5 billion—an approximately 80–85% discount to the Series F price. | 中 | SV011, SV012, SV027, SV028 |
| CV018 | CME Group launched a prediction markets joint venture with FanDuel (Flutter Entertainment) in December 2025, entering Kalshi's competitive space with institutional exchange infrastructure. | 中 | SV013 |
| CV019 | Applying a Robinhood-equivalent 26x price-to-revenue multiple to Kalshi's $1.5 billion run rate would imply a valuation of approximately $39 billion, above the $22 billion Series F price. | 中 | SV026, SV016, SV002 |
| CV020 | Robinhood's platform processes over 3 billion event contracts monthly as of Q1 2026, including Kalshi contracts, demonstrating the scale of retail event-contract demand. | 中 | SV016 |
| CV021 | In the bull scenario, with CFTC preemption upheld and sports contracts operational in 40+ states, Kalshi revenue could reach $4.5–5.5 billion by FY2027, implying a $54–83 billion valuation at 12–15x revenue. | 低 | SV001, SV002, SV004 |
| CV022 | In the base scenario, with 10–15 states restricting sports contracts, Kalshi revenue could reach $2.5–3.5 billion by FY2027 and an 8–12x multiple implies $20–42 billion, broadly consistent with the $22 billion entry price. | 低 | SV001, SV002, SV019 |
| CV023 | In the bear scenario, mass state bans eliminating 89% sports-contract revenue would leave Kalshi with approximately $150–350 million in non-sports revenue and imply a $1–3 billion intrinsic value at 5–8x multiple. | 低 | SV017, SV019 |
| CV024 | The probability-weighted blended expected value across bull/base/bear scenarios at midpoints (25%/45%/30% weighting) is approximately $22 billion, consistent with the Series F price and implying zero risk premium. | 低 | SV002, SV003 |
| CV025 | Approximately 89% of Kalshi's 2025 fee revenue of $263.5 million derived from sports event contracts, concentrating the revenue base in the segment most aggressively challenged by state regulators. | 中 | SV019 |
| CV026 | Kalshi management reported an annualized fee revenue run rate of approximately $1.5 billion in March 2026, with the platform processing more than $2 billion in weekly volume during peak events. | 中 | SV002, SV005 |
| CV027 | Kalshi's 2025 full-year fee revenue was $263.5 million, representing a massive acceleration from prior-year levels according to the company's own disclosures and Time reporting. | 高 | SV019, SV001 |
| CV028 | Kalshi is the only U.S. CFTC-designated contract market purpose-built for retail event contracts, and replicating this designation requires years of regulatory preparation under the CEA. | 高 | SV004, SV007, SV019 |
| CV029 | A Federal Reserve working paper in February 2026 found that Kalshi prediction markets matched or outperformed traditional Wall Street tools on inflation and interest-rate forecasting. | 中 | SV019 |
| CV030 | Robinhood contributed approximately 25–35% of Kalshi's daily trading volume on active sports days by October 2025, reducing effective customer acquisition costs significantly. | 中 | SV004 |
| CV031 | PitchBook senior analyst Rudy Yang described Kalshi and Polymarket's growth as indicative that event contracts 'are more than just betting mediums' and are becoming tools for managing investment and macroeconomic risks. | 中 | SV001 |
| CV032 | The Better Markets non-profit argued in May 2026 that CFTC cannot and should not regulate sports event contracts as financial derivatives, calling for congressional action to classify them as gambling. | 中 | SV017 |
| CV033 | At least seven U.S. states had filed enforcement actions or obtained injunctions against Kalshi's sports event contracts by mid-2026, including Massachusetts, Nevada, Montana, and Maryland. | 高 | SV004, SV019 |
| CV034 | The CFTC issued a prediction-markets enforcement advisory in March 2026 clarifying that its anti-manipulation authority under Section 6(c)(1) and Rule 180.1 reaches event-contract trading, keeping federal enforcement risk live. | 中 | SV019 |
| CV035 | Paradigm co-founder Matt Huang compared prediction markets to crypto 15 years ago: 'a new asset class on a path to trillions,' with Kalshi positioned as the scale platform. | 中 | SV005, SV007 |
| CV036 | Kalshi has not filed audited financial statements, and the CFTC does not publicly release DCM financial reports, making all revenue and margin figures unverifiable from external sources. | 高 | SV002, SV019 |
| CV037 | Kalshi expanded from approximately 70 employees in October 2025 to 494 by April 2026 per Tracxn, implying a major operating cost inflection that is unquantifiable without public financial disclosure. | 中 | SV004, SV023 |
| CV038 | CME Group's exchange model generates approximately 54% operating margins (2024 operating income $3.93B on $6.13B revenue), a benchmark Kalshi cannot credibly target at its current stage. | 高 | SV015, SV013 |
| CV039 | Three plausible exit routes exist for Kalshi investors: IPO, strategic acquisition by a major exchange or financial institution, and secondary market liquidity transactions. | 中 | SV002, SV018 |
| CV040 | No audited 2025 financial statements or Q1 2026 management accounts for Kalshi have been made public as of 2026-05-24, preventing verification of the $1.5 billion run-rate claim. | 高 | SV019, SV002 |
| CV041 | Kalshi has raised $2.8+ billion across at least six institutional rounds, but the preference overhang, waterfall structure, and liquidation preferences have not been publicly disclosed. | 高 | SV002, SV004 |
| CV042 | The Robinhood distribution partnership economics—including revenue share percentage, exclusivity period, and termination triggers—have not been publicly disclosed. | 中 | SV004, SV016 |
| CV043 | Kalshi's revenue breakdown by state, contract category, and geography has not been publicly disclosed, preventing state-level bear-case modeling. | 高 | SV019, SV004 |
| CV044 | Kalshi's Robinhood-distributed trading volume represented 25–35% of daily activity by October 2025, making the distribution partner a single-point concentration risk for the platform's revenue run rate. | 中 | SV004 |
| CV045 | The $22 billion Series F valuation represents one of the fastest valuation doublings in fintech history, stepping up from $11 billion to $22 billion in approximately ninety days. | 中 | SV002 |
| CV046 | Kalshi's take rate on notional trading volume is approximately 0.53%, derived from $263.5 million in 2025 fee revenue against $50+ billion in annualized notional volume. | 中 | SV004, SV019 |
| CV047 | CME Group's 2025 10-K discloses a record ADV of 28.1 million contracts and reports that one firm represented 12% of clearing and transaction fee revenue, illustrating exchange client concentration risk relevant to Kalshi's Robinhood dependency. | 中 | SV013 |
| 编号 | 出版方 | 标题 | 引文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| SO001 | Kalshi | About Kalshi — Company History & Founders Profile | |
| SO002 | Wikipedia | Kalshi — Wikipedia | |
| SO003 | FinTech Global | Kalshi reportedly hits $22bn valuation after $1bn raise | Kalshi, founded in 2018, transformed prediction markets into a recognised asset class. The close of the investment round brings the company's valuation to $22bn, led by Coatue Management. |
| SO004 | Crunchbase News | Kalshi Secures $1B To Expand Predictions Market Platform | To date, the 7-year-old company has raised $1.6 billion in known funding, per Crunchbase data. Trading volumes now surpassing $1 billion every week, up more than 1,000% from 2024. |
| SO005 | Yogonet International | Kalshi secures $185 million Series C funding round as prediction markets gain momentum | Kalshi has now raised a total of $415 million since its inception. Founded in 2018 by Mansour and Luana Lopes Lara, Kalshi allows users to trade on the outcome of real-world events. |
| SO006 | Brave New Coin | Kalshi Raises $300 Million and Launches in 140 Countries | Founded in 2018 by MIT graduates Tarek Mansour and Luana Lopes Lara. Kalshi now projects $50 billion in annualized trading volume for 2025. Robinhood users representing 25% to 35% of daily trading on the platform. |
| SO007 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC Enforcement Division Issues Prediction Markets Advisory (Release No. 9185-26) | The Commission has full authority to police illegal trading practices occurring on any DCM, including those described above related to prediction markets. |
| SO008 | JD Supra (Lowenstein Sandler analysis repost) | CFTC and Kalshi Announce Enforcement Actions Targeting Prediction Markets | Since January 2026, congressional lawmakers have introduced more than 10 bills targeting prediction markets. The CFTC filed its first-ever insider trading complaint in event contracts. |
| SO009 | Holland & Knight LLP | Prediction Markets at a Crossroads — The Continued Jurisdictional Battle Over Event Contracts | The CFTC articulated a sweeping preemption theory: Event contracts offered on CFTC-registered DCMs are swaps under the CEA, and states cannot invade the CFTC's exclusive jurisdiction by re-characterizing swaps trading on DCMs as illegal gambling. |
| SO010 | Paul Weiss LLP | A Divided Third Circuit Holds That the CFTC Has Exclusive Jurisdiction Over Sports-Related Event Contracts | On April 6, 2026, a divided panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that the CFTC has exclusive jurisdiction over sports-related events contracts offered by Kalshi, becoming the first federal court of appeals to address the issue. |
| SO011 | Casino.org | Federal Judge Blocks Arizona Criminal Case Against Kalshi | In March, Arizona launched the first criminal prosecution brought by a state against a CFTC-registered prediction-market operator when it filed a 20-count criminal information against Kalshi. |
| SO012 | SiGMA World | From launch to lawsuits: Kalshi's tumultuous timeline | |
| SO013 | CNBC | Kalshi co-founder Luana Lopes Lara on the biggest prediction markets risks she has ever taken | Kalshi, founded in 2018 by Lopes Lara and Tarek Mansour as MIT classmates. Lopes Lara was named the youngest self-made female billionaire ever. Disclosure: CNBC and Kalshi have a commercial relationship that includes customer acquisition and a minority investment. |
| SO014 | Alphascope | Kalshi Lawsuit and Legal History — CFTC Battles and State-by-State Legality | |
| SO015 | TIME | TIME100 Most Influential Companies 2026: Kalshi | Kalshi generated $263.5 million in fee revenue in 2025, and roughly 89% of Kalshi's revenue comes from sports contracts. The platform is valued at $22 billion and has more than 5 million users. Arizona became the first prediction market to face criminal charges. |
| SO016 | Lowenstein Sandler LLP | CFTC and Kalshi Announce Enforcement Actions Targeting Prediction Markets (FCTM) | On April 22 and 23, 2026, KalshiEX LLC and the CFTC announced disciplinary and enforcement actions targeting insider trading in event contracts. The CFTC filed the first-ever insider trading complaint concerning event contracts. |
| SO017 | Willkie Farr & Gallagher LLP | CFTC Issues Prediction Markets Enforcement Advisory: Agency Highlights Disciplinary Cases Brought by KalshiEx | |
| SO018 | BitNewsBot | Prediction Market Kalshi Hits $2B Valuation In $185M Series C Round | |
| SO019 | Gambling Insider | Who Owns Kalshi in 2026? Founders, Investors & Key Backers | Investment giants Charles Schwab and Henry Kravis are both backers. Kalshi's board includes representatives from Paradigm, Sequoia, and Y Combinator. |
| SO020 | Tracxn | Kalshi — 2026 Company Profile & Team | Kalshi has raised $2.8B in funding from investors like Sequoia Capital, Paradigm and Andreessen Horowitz, with a current valuation of $22B. |
| SO021 | PredictionNews | Kalshi Sports Contracts — Legal Standing & Timeline | |
| SO022 | IQ.wiki | Kalshi milestones | |
| SO023 | TechFundingNews | Immigrant founders' Kalshi secures $1B led by Paradigm, hits $11B valuation | Kalshi was founded in 2018 by Tarek Mansour and Luana Lopes Lara. When Tarek, an Algerian-born quant whiz, met Luana, a Brazilian financial analyst, in college. Kalshi claims to be the first and only federally regulated prediction market in the US. |
| SO024 | Yahoo Finance | Kalshi Raises $1B at $22B Valuation — Is Polymarket Next? | Kalshi secured a $1 billion funding round led by Coatue at a $22 billion valuation. Total funding now exceeding $2.5 billion. The platform reports a revenue run rate nearing $1.5 billion. |
| SO025 | Covers | Kalshi Receives $185 Million in Funding, Value up to $2 Billion | |
| SO026 | Kalshi | Kalshi Exchange — Regulatory Notices | |
| SO027 | Reuters | Kalshi's valuation doubles on strong interest in prediction markets platforms | Kalshi said on Tuesday it had raised $1 billion in a financing round, more than doubling its valuation at $11 billion in about two months, as interest in prediction market platforms mounts. Trading volumes now topping $1 billion weekly, rising more than 1,000% from 2024. |
| SM001 | American Gaming Association | State of the States 2025: The AGA Survey of the Commercial Gaming Industry | Sports betting generated $13.78B in GGR in 2024, a 24.8% increase from the prior year, on handle of $149.90B. |
| SM002 | American Gaming Association | State of the States 2024: The AGA Survey of the Commercial Gaming Industry | Sports betting GGR reached $11.04B in 2023, with handle of $121.06B. |
| SM003 | American Gaming Association | AGA Newsroom 2026 — Industry and Regulatory Updates | Commercial gaming generated $78.72B in GGR in 2025, a 9.2% increase. Prediction markets flagged as an emerging risk by commercial gaming executives. |
| SM004 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC Sues State of Wisconsin to Protect Prediction Markets from State Encroachment | The CFTC is the exclusive federal regulator of commodity derivatives markets, including prediction markets operated by Kalshi, ForecastEx, Polymarket, Robinhood, and Coinbase. |
| SM005 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC Sues State of New York to Block State Interference with Prediction Markets | |
| SM006 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC Reaffirms Exclusive Jurisdiction Over Prediction Markets in Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Filing | Congress has entrusted the CFTC with the sole authority to regulate commodity derivatives markets, including prediction markets. To any state that seeks to nullify federal law and seize authority over these markets, I say again: we will see you in court. |
| SM007 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC Sues State of Minnesota to Block State Law Criminalizing Prediction Markets | |
| SM008 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC Signs Memorandum of Understanding with the National Hockey League | |
| SM009 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC Grants ForecastEx LLC Registration as Designated Contract Market and Derivatives Clearing Organization | |
| SM010 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC No-Action Letter on Swap Data Reporting for Event Contracts | |
| SM011 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC Files Amicus Brief in Sixth Circuit Arguing State Law Preempted by Federal Jurisdiction | |
| SM012 | ForecastEx LLC | ForecastEx — CFTC-Regulated Prediction Market Exchange | |
| SM013 | Polymarket | Polymarket — Active Markets | |
| SM014 | Polymarket | Polymarket Leaderboard | |
| SM015 | CME Group | CME Group — Global Derivatives Marketplace | |
| SM016 | CNBC | CNBC Prediction Markets Coverage Hub | |
| SM017 | FanDuel | FanDuel — About | |
| SM018 | Robinhood | Robinhood — About | |
| SM019 | Coinbase | Coinbase Derivatives — CFTC-Regulated Futures | |
| SM020 | Legal Sports Report | Best Prediction Market Apps — May 2026 Comparison | |
| SM021 | SportsHandle | Best Prediction Markets for March Madness 2026 | |
| SM022 | Axios | Prediction Markets in 2025: Kalshi and Polymarket Rise | |
| SM023 | Axios | Kalshi Prediction Markets Boom in 2026 | |
| SM024 | Axios | Kalshi Hits $1 Billion Weekly Volume Milestone | |
| SM025 | Kalshi | Kalshi 2025 Year in Review | |
| SM026 | Bloomberg | Kalshi Prediction Market Revenue Surges in 2025 | Kalshi generated approximately $263.5 million in fee revenue in 2025, with approximately 89% derived from sports event contracts. |
| SM027 | Bloomberg Law | Prediction Markets Boom Raises Stakes in Sports Betting Battle | |
| SM028 | National Bureau of Economic Research | NBER Working Paper 32396 — Prediction Markets and Information Aggregation | |
| SM029 | Kalshi | Kalshi — About | |
| SM030 | Reuters | Kalshi Valued at $11 Billion in Latest Financing Round | |
| SM031 | TIME | TIME100 Most Influential Companies 2026 — Kalshi | |
| SM032 | Yahoo Finance | Kalshi Raises $1 Billion at $22 Billion Valuation | |
| SP001 | Polymarket | Polymarket — The World's Largest Prediction Market (homepage) | |
| SP002 | Polymarket | Popular Predictions and Real-Time Odds — Polymarket Markets | |
| SP003 | PredictIt | PredictIt — Political Prediction Market (homepage) | |
| SP004 | Iowa Electronic Markets | Iowa Electronic Markets (IEM) — Official Homepage | |
| SP005 | ForecastEx | ForecastEx — Prediction Events Trading (official homepage) | Forecast Contracts have lower fees than any of the competitors. This unbeatable benefit opens the opportunity to trade for everyone. |
| SP006 | Wikipedia | Polymarket — Wikipedia | 0.1% of accounts net 67% of the profits on Polymarket, while more than 70% of users are losing money. |
| SP007 | Wikipedia | PredictIt — Wikipedia | On September 5, 2025, PredictIt won approval to expand operations as a regulated derivatives exchange. |
| SP008 | Wikipedia | Iowa Electronic Markets — Wikipedia | |
| SP009 | SBC Americas | PredictIt Gets Legal Win Over CFTC In Fifth Circuit Court | |
| SP010 | Bloomberg | PredictIt Says It Can Expand Political Trades Under CFTC Deal | PredictIt says it can expand political trades under CFTC deal — raising the $850 single contract cap to $3,500 and cancelling the 5,000-person cap. |
| SP011 | Bloomberg Law | PredictIt Gains CFTC Approval to Launch Regulated Exchange | PredictIt, a popular but previously unlicensed exchange for political junkies to put money on election outcomes, has won approval to expand operations as a regulated derivatives exchange. |
| SP012 | Financial Times | PredictIt prevails in battle with US regulators on election betting | |
| SP013 | U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission | Designated Contract Markets (DCMs) — CFTC Overview | DCMs are most like traditional futures exchanges, which may allow access to their facilities by all types of traders, including retail customers. |
| SP014 | American Gaming Association | American Gaming Association — Homepage | |
| SP015 | American Gaming Association | Gaming Map — State of Play, Sports Event Contracts Warning | Sports Event Contracts: No Matter the Name It's Still Sports Betting — When prediction market platforms offer sports event contracts without state oversight, they skip the rules that states have set forth to protect players and support local communities. |
| SP016 | Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) | ICE — Exchanges & Clearing; Data and Intelligence Homepage | |
| SP017 | Dune Analytics | Polymarket Dashboard — Dune Analytics | |
| SP018 | Polymarket | Polymarket Developer Documentation — Overview | |
| SP019 | Wikipedia | Prediction market — Wikipedia | |
| SP020 | CNBC | CNBC Prediction Markets Coverage Hub | |
| SP021 | Polymarket | Polymarket — Markets and Real-Time Predictions | |
| SP022 | U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC Event Contracts Open Meeting Announcement (May 2024) | |
| SP023 | ForecastEx | ForecastEx — Why Forecast Contracts (product features) | |
| SP024 | Iowa Electronic Markets | Iowa Electronic Markets — Markets Listing | |
| SP025 | PredictIt | PredictIt — Support: What is PredictIt? | |
| SP026 | American Gaming Association | AGA — US Commercial Gaming Revenue 2025 ($125B GGR) | |
| SP027 | CNBC | Prediction Markets Coverage — Kalshi, Polymarket, Event Contracts | |
| SP028 | Polymarket | Polymarket Developer Quickstart — CLOB API and SDK | |
| SI001 | CNBC | Kalshi Sees $1 Billion in Super Bowl Event Contract Volume | Kalshi processed approximately $1 billion in single-day trading volume on Super Bowl LX, the platform's highest single-day volume on record. |
| SI002 | CNBC | Kalshi-Robinhood Partnership Drives 25–35% of Daily Trading Volume in Sports Markets | Robinhood's integration with Kalshi was contributing approximately 25 to 35 percent of daily trading volume on active sports days within months of the partnership launch. |
| SI003 | CNBC | Kalshi Raises $1 Billion at $22 Billion Valuation in Prediction Market Surge | Kalshi closed a $1 billion Series F round at a $22 billion post-money valuation, led by Coatue Management. |
| SI004 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC Charges U.S. Service Member with Insider Trading in Nicolás Maduro-Related Event Contracts | This case marks the first time the CFTC has charged insider trading involving event contracts, and the first time the CFTC has used the so-called 'Eddie Murphy Rule' to bring charges based on the misuse of government information. |
| SI005 | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | EDGAR Filings for Kalshi Inc. (CIK 0001806928) — Form D History | Kalshi Inc. (CIK 0001806928) has filed five Form D exempt-offering notices with the SEC between 2020 and 2025, confirming multiple equity fundraising tranches. |
| SI006 | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | Kalshi Inc. — Form D Notice of Exempt Offering (December 2025, Accession 0001231919-25-000572) | Total offering amount: $999,996,557. First sale date: 2025-11-19. Filer: Kalshi Inc., CIK 0001806928. |
| SI007 | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | Kalshi Inc. — Form D Notice of Exempt Offering (October 2025, Accession 0001231919-25-000391) | Total offering amount: $124,999,957. First sale date: 2025-06-24. Filer: Kalshi Inc., CIK 0001806928. |
| SI008 | NBC News | Kalshi vs. Polymarket: How the Two Leading Prediction Markets Compare | Unlike Polymarket, which requires cryptocurrency for participation, Kalshi settles in U.S. dollars, lowering the friction for mainstream retail investors. |
| SI009 | Time | Kalshi — Time100 Most Influential Companies 2026 | Kalshi generated $263.5 million in fee revenue in 2025, with 89% derived from sports event contracts, and the platform now has more than 5 million users. |
| SI010 | BraveNewCoin | Kalshi Raises $300 Million Series D and Launches in 140 Countries | Kalshi has surpassed $50 billion in annualized trading volume and Robinhood accounts for roughly 25–35 percent of daily trading on active sports days. |
| SI011 | Reuters | Kalshi Valued at $11 Billion in Latest Financing Round | Kalshi, the prediction-market exchange, is valued at $11 billion in a new financing round that raised approximately $1 billion. |
| SI012 | FinTech Global | Kalshi Reportedly Hits $22 Billion Valuation After $1 Billion Raise | |
| SI013 | Crunchbase News | Kalshi Raises Funding at $22 Billion Valuation as Prediction Markets Gain Momentum | |
| SI014 | Yahoo Finance | Kalshi Raises $1 Billion at $22 Billion Valuation | Kalshi is on a $1.5 billion annual revenue run rate and processing more than $2 billion in weekly trading volume during peak events. |
| SI015 | TechFunding News | Immigrant Founders Kalshi Snaps $1B at $11B Valuation to Supercharge Mainstream Prediction Markets | |
| SI016 | Tracxn | Kalshi — Company Profile and Funding History | Kalshi has raised $2.8 billion across 11 rounds and employs 494 people as of April 2026. |
| SI017 | Yogonet | Kalshi Secures $185 Million Series C Funding Round as Prediction Markets Gain Momentum | |
| SI018 | Gambling Insider | Who Owns Kalshi? Board, Investors, and Funding History | |
| SI019 | JD Supra | CFTC and Kalshi Announce Enforcement Actions Targeting Prediction Markets | Kalshi self-reported violations of Rule 5.17(z), which prohibits event contract market participants from using material non-public information, resulting in CFTC disciplinary action. |
| SI020 | Kalshi | About Kalshi — Mission, Team, and Exchange Overview | |
| SI021 | CNBC | Kalshi President Luana Lopes Lara on Prediction Markets and the $2 Billion Weekly Volume Milestone | Kalshi is now processing over $2 billion a week during peak periods, according to President Luana Lopes Lara. |
| SI022 | Lowenstein Sandler | CFTC and Kalshi Announce Enforcement Actions Targeting Prediction Markets | Kalshi self-identified violations of its own rules prohibiting the use of material non-public information in connection with trading on its markets, and agreed to pay fines and implement remedial measures. |
| SI023 | American Gaming Association | AGA Newsroom — Prediction Markets and Sports Wagering Policy | The AGA has consistently characterized unregulated or CFTC-regulated prediction market platforms as a competitive threat to state-licensed sports betting operators. |
| SI024 | Bloomberg | Kalshi Prediction Market Revenue 2025 | |
| SI025 | Bloomberg Law | Kalshi Prediction Markets Boom in Sports Betting | |
| SE001 | Kalshi | Introduction - API Documentation (docs.kalshi.com) | "This documentation covers the Kalshi Exchange API for real-time market data and trade execution." |
| SE002 | Kalshi | Get Account API Limits - API Reference | "Endpoint to retrieve the API tier limits associated with the authenticated user." |
| SE003 | Kalshi | Create Order - API Reference (trade-api v3.19.0) | "Endpoint for submitting orders in a market. Each user is limited to 200 000 open orders at a time." |
| SE004 | Kalshi | Kalshi GitHub Organization | "Kalshi/quickfix: 353 forks; Kalshi/kalshi-starter-code-python: 94 stars, 69 forks." |
| SE005 | Kalshi | kalshi-starter-code-python — GitHub | "Example python code for accessing api-authenticated endpoints on Kalshi. This is not an SDK." |
| SE006 | Kalshi | tools-and-analysis — GitHub community data tools | "This repository serves as a collection of analyses and visualizations produced by members of Kalshi's community, using public market data." |
| SE007 | Kalshi | Kalshi/quickfix — Go FIX Protocol Library fork | "QuickFIX/Go is a FIX Protocol Community implementation for the Go programming language. Supports FIX versions 4.0 – 5.0SP2." |
| SE008 | PyPI / Kalshi | kalshi-python 2.1.4 — Python SDK on PyPI | "Complete API for the Kalshi trading platform including all handlers for SDK generation. API version: 2.0.0. Package version: 2.1.4." |
| SE009 | Wikimedia Foundation | Kalshi — Wikipedia | "Kalshi was required to implement geofencing technology to block Massachusetts residents from accessing sports-related markets on its platform." |
| SE010 | Financial Times | Prediction markets barely make money; sportsbooks make money | "Their taker fee formula has a quadratic relationship to the price of the shares being traded… Kalshi Trading, an affiliated company that somewhat controversially trades on the platform." |
| SE011 | The Atlantic | A Technology for a Low-Trust Society (The Central Lie of Prediction Markets) | "War markets put Americans at risk and have absolutely no place in prediction markets." (Kalshi spokesperson Jack Such) |
| SE012 | Time | TIME100 Most Influential Companies 2026: Kalshi — Betting on Everything | "In February 2026, a Federal Reserve working paper found the platform matched or outperformed traditional Wall Street tools on indicators including inflation and interest rates." |
| SE013 | CNBC | Kalshi says Super Bowl trading volume surpassed $1 billion | "Kalshi says Super Bowl trading volume surpassed $1 billion." |
| SE014 | CNBC | Kalshi co-founder Luana Lopes Lara on prediction markets risks | "Kalshi has grown to $2 billion in transactions per week. Its plans for the funding was to support adoption of its next 100 million customers, expand brokerage integrations, form partnerships and widen its product range." |
| SE015 | JD Supra | CFTC and Kalshi Announce Enforcement Actions Targeting Prediction Markets | "Kalshi Exchange Rule 5.17(z), which prohibits any trader who is a 'decision maker' or who has 'any influence, directly or indirectly' on the outcome of an underlying event from trading on contracts related to that event." |
| SE016 | CFTC | CFTC Charges U.S. Service Member with Insider Trading in Nicolás Maduro-Related Event Contracts | "This case marks the first time the CFTC has charged insider trading involving event contracts." |
| SE017 | Brave New Coin | Kalshi Raises $300 Million and Launches in 140 Countries | "Kalshi now accepts Solana deposits up to $500,000 and supports Bitcoin, USDC, and Worldcoin through partnerships." |
| SE018 | Reuters | Kalshi's valuation doubles on strong interest in prediction markets platforms | "Kalshi said it will use the capital to speed up consumer adoption, add brokerages, pursue media partnerships and expand its product lineup." |
| SE019 | Gambling Insider | Who Owns Kalshi? Founders, Investors & Key Backers in 2026 | |
| SE020 | Lowenstein Sandler | CFTC and Kalshi Announce Enforcement Actions Targeting Prediction Markets (FCTM) | "The CFTC has made clear that it expects designated contract markets to serve as the 'first line of defense' against insider trading and market manipulation." |
| SE021 | Crunchbase News | Kalshi Secures $1B To Expand Predictions Market Platform | "Trading volumes now surpassing $1 billion every week, up more than 1,000% from 2024." |
| SE022 | Kalshi | API Documentation Index (llms.txt — complete docs sitemap) | "Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.kalshi.com/llms.txt — Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further." |
| SE023 | Fintech Global | Kalshi reportedly hits $22bn valuation after $1bn raise | |
| SE024 | Sports Handle | Best Prediction Markets for March Madness 2026 | "Best prediction markets for March Madness… Kalshi – Trade $10, Get a $10 Bonus." |
| SE025 | Bloomberg Law | Kalshi Prediction Markets Boom in Sports Betting (2026) | |
| SE026 | Kalshi | Kalshi Regulatory Notices (April 2026) | |
| SE027 | Kalshi | Kalshi About Page | |
| SE028 | IQ.wiki | Kalshi Milestones | |
| SU001 | Kalshi | What information is required to verify my Kalshi account? | Kalshi Help Center | We are mandated to gather this specific information from all Kalshi users due to our regulatory obligations under United States (US) law. |
| SU002 | Kalshi | Contact Kalshi Support | Kalshi Help Center | Kalshi does not offer phone call or text support at this time. |
| SU003 | Kalshi | How to Become a Market Maker on Kalshi | Kalshi Help Center | Kalshi’s market includes designated market makers who agree to provide consistent, two-sided liquidity. |
| SU004 | Kalshi | Institutional Onboarding | Kalshi | Onboard your business or institutional account to trade on Kalshi's regulated markets. |
| SU005 | Apple App Store | Kalshi: Trade News & Sports App - App Store | Kalshi is the largest legal and federally regulated prediction market app in the U.S. |
| SU006 | Apple App Store | Kalshi: Trade News & Sports - Ratings & Reviews - App Store | 4.7 out of 5 — 121K Ratings. |
| SU007 | Google Play | Kalshi: Trade News & Sports - Apps on Google Play | 4.7 — 23.9K reviews. |
| SU008 | Trustpilot | kalshi.com is rated "Poor" with 2.1 / 5 on Trustpilot | Cannot withdraw do not use thise site . Been weeks cannot get a dam response and no phone number. |
| SU009 | PissedConsumer | Kalshi Reviews | kalshi.com @ PissedConsumer | Kalshi has 1.5 star rating based on 10 customer reviews. Consumers are mostly dissatisfied; common issues include verification loops, withdrawal failures, refund requests and unresponsive customer service. |
| SU010 | TheLines | Kalshi App Review 2026: Is the Android & iOS App Worth Using? | The app is far from perfect ... some people might find the KYC checks annoying. |
| SU011 | The Grueling Truth | Kalshi App Review 2026 | Download & Trade on Mobile | Complete identity verification by submitting the required ID and address proofs. |
| SU012 | Finder | Kalshi Review 2026: Comprehensive Event Contract Trading | Pros: Large selection of event markets ... Cons: Customer support only available via email. |
| SU013 | Alphascope | Kalshi Reviews: User Experience, Pros & Cons, and Ratings | Overall Rating: 4.2/5 ... Common criticisms include lower liquidity than offshore competitors and limited market variety. |
| SU014 | Webopedia | Is Kalshi Legit? The Ultimate Kalshi Review 2026 | Withdrawal and account issues ... Better Business Bureau gives Kalshi an F rating after receiving 153 complaints over three years. |
| SU015 | Robinhood | Event contracts overview | Robinhood | Event contracts are offered by Robinhood Derivatives, LLC through either KalshiEX LLC, ForecastEX, LLC or Rothera Exchange and Clearing LLC. |
| SU016 | NexusFi Academy | Event Contracts on Robinhood: Prediction Market Trading for Retail Investors - NexusFi Academy | For the 23+ million Robinhood users who are already set up with a funded account, this is the simplest way to access prediction markets — no new account, no crypto wallet, no additional KYC. |
| SU017 | The Block | Robinhood teams up with Kalshi to launch prediction markets hub focusing on politics, economics and sports | Robinhood's new prediction markets will first center on politics, economics and sports. |
| SU018 | Yahoo Sports | Robinhood To Offer Kalshi’s Football Event Contracts | Robinhood offers access to Kalshi’s contracts as a Futures Commission Merchant (FCM), but can’t create its own prediction markets. |
| SU019 | PredictionNews | Robinhood Acquires Own Prediction Market Exchange, But Can't Quit Kalshi Yet | Since launching event contracts in March 2025, Robinhood has been driving more than 50% of Kalshi’s total trading volume. |
| SU020 | Webull / PRNewswire | Webull Connects to Kalshi to Offer Investors Innovative, Prediction Markets | The partnership will offer users the ability to trade binary event contracts through the Webull platform. |
| SU021 | Reuters | Kalshi's valuation doubles on strong interest in prediction markets platforms | Kalshi said it will use the capital to speed up consumer adoption, add brokerages, pursue media partnerships and expand its product lineup. |
| SU022 | TIME | TIME100 Most Influential Companies 2026: Kalshi | Today the prediction-market exchange is valued at $22 billion, has more than 5 million users. |
| SU023 | Tradeweb | Tradeweb and Kalshi Announce Strategic Partnership to Expand Institutional Access to Prediction Markets | Together, the companies aim to integrate ... risk signals directly into core trading workflows used by Tradeweb’s more than 3,000 institutional clients. |
| SU024 | Clear Street | Clear Street & Kalshi Form Groundbreaking Partnership to Bring Institutional Access to World’s Largest Prediction Market Exchange | Clear Street has become the first institutional Futures Commission Merchant (FCM) to join Kalshi’s exchange and clearing house. |
| SU025 | Alphascope | Kalshi on Robinhood: How Event Contracts Work and What You Can Trade | The key advantage: you don't need a separate Kalshi account. Your Robinhood cash balance works directly. |
| SU026 | Webull | Common Questions About Event Contracts | Common Questions About Event Contracts. |
| SR001 | U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit | KalshiEX, LLC v. CFTC — Opinion and judgment (No. 24-5205) | The Commission's denial of Kalshi's contracts is hereby vacated and the case remanded. |
| SR002 | Commodity Futures Trading Commission | CFTC Statement on Withdrawal of Appeal in KalshiEX LLC v. CFTC (Release 9185-26) | The Commission has voted to withdraw its appeal in KalshiEX LLC v. CFTC. |
| SR003 | CNBC | Congressional Democrats urge CFTC to investigate Kalshi and Polymarket | Democratic lawmakers asked the CFTC to examine whether Kalshi and Polymarket are policing manipulation and insider trading. |
| SR004 | Massachusetts Attorney General | AG Campbell secures court order that will block Kalshi from offering unlawful sports wagers in Massachusetts | A Suffolk Superior Court judge granted the AG a preliminary injunction prohibiting Kalshi from offering sports event contracts to Massachusetts residents. |
| SR005 | Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck | Third time's the charm for gambling regulators in Kalshi litigation | The Maryland district court declined to preliminarily enjoin the state from enforcing its gaming laws against Kalshi. |
| SR006 | Troutman Pepper Regulatory Oversight | Kalshi faces regulatory scrutiny and litigation from several angles | At least seven state regulators have issued cease-and-desist orders to Kalshi over its sports-related event contracts. |
| SR007 | Sports Betting Dime | Kalshi sues Montana after second cease-and-desist order | Kalshi filed suit against Montana gambling regulators after receiving a second cease-and-desist order. |
| SR008 | The Nevada Independent | Federal judge rules that Kalshi must stop offering prediction contracts in Nevada | A federal judge sided with Nevada gaming regulators and ordered Kalshi to halt its sports event contracts in the state. |
| SR009 | National Law Review | Prediction Markets v. State Gaming Laws: The Kalshi Litigation Gamble | Whether the Commodity Exchange Act preempts state gaming laws is the central legal question across the Kalshi cases. |
| SR010 | All About Lawyer | Kalshi lawsuit, criminal charges, payout update 2026 | Arizona criminal charges and a disputed $54 million Khamenei market payout dominate Kalshi's 2026 legal headlines. |
| SR011 | Finance Magnates | US Congress opens formal probe into Kalshi and Polymarket targeting KYC and trade surveillance | The House Financial Services Committee opened a formal probe into KYC and trade-surveillance practices at Kalshi and Polymarket. |
| SR012 | CNBC | CFTC drops appeal of Kalshi case, clearing path for political prediction markets | The CFTC said it would no longer pursue its appeal of the Kalshi case, ending a multiyear standoff over political event contracts. |
| SR013 | Kalshi | Market Integrity: KYC and Surveillance | Kalshi runs continuous trade surveillance and identity verification on every account before funded trading is allowed. |
| SR014 | Kalshi | Kalshi's New Guardrails on Insider Trading in Politics and Sports | Kalshi banned Congressional members, candidates, and political operatives from trading the markets they can influence. |
| SR015 | CBS News | House oversight committee probes Kalshi and Polymarket over insider-trading concerns | The House Oversight Committee asked Kalshi and Polymarket for documents on their handling of insider trading and manipulation. |
| SR016 | Better Markets | By dismissing its appeal in the Kalshi case, the CFTC turns its back on election integrity, investor protection, and effective oversight | By dropping its appeal the CFTC has effectively legalized election gambling on a federally regulated exchange. |
| SR017 | Forbes | Prediction markets vs sports betting: high-stakes DC lobby showdown | Kalshi and the American Gaming Association are now spending heavily on Washington lobbying over whether prediction markets count as sports betting. |
| SR018 | PlayUSA | Kalshi and prediction markets ramp up lobbying donations to candidates | Kalshi has sharply increased federal lobbying spend and political donations as state pushback intensifies. |
| SR019 | Las Vegas Review-Journal | Gaming lobbies urge Congress to rein in prediction markets | Casino and tribal gaming lobbies have urged Congress to crack down on prediction markets they say are unlicensed sports books. |
| SR020 | Kalshi | Introducing Americans for Fair Markets: a Prediction Markets Advocacy Coalition | Kalshi and partners launched Americans for Fair Markets to counter what it calls anti-competitive opposition from gaming incumbents. |
| SR021 | Truth in Advertising / U.S. District Court | Brown v. Kalshi class-action complaint | Plaintiffs allege Kalshi misled consumers by labelling sports wagering as 'event contracts' and operating an unlicensed sportsbook. |
| SR022 | ClassAction.org | Class action claims Kalshi illegally runs online sports betting platform | A proposed class action accuses Kalshi of running an unlicensed online sports betting platform under the guise of event contracts. |
| SR023 | Invezz | Nevada sues Kalshi amid fight over prediction market authority | The 9th Circuit denied Kalshi's bid to stay the Nevada injunction, keeping the company barred from offering sports contracts to Nevadans. |
| SR024 | TechCrunch | Amidst legal turmoil, Kalshi is temporarily banned in Nevada | Kalshi is temporarily barred from offering sports event contracts in Nevada after a federal court declined to stay the injunction. |
| SR025 | USIgamingHub | Tribes urge Third Circuit to block Kalshi's sports betting contracts | Tribal gaming groups filed amicus briefs urging the Third Circuit to block Kalshi's sports contracts as a threat to tribal compacts. |
| SR026 | Gaming America | Ho-Chunk Nation files lawsuit against Kalshi | The Ho-Chunk Nation sued Kalshi in Wisconsin federal court alleging the platform's sports contracts violate the tribe's exclusivity compact. |
| SR027 | JURIST | US federal court rules platform Kalshi can continue offering sport event contracts during litigation | The Third Circuit ruled Kalshi can continue offering sports event contracts in New Jersey while the case proceeds. |
| SR028 | Willkie Farr & Gallagher | CFTC issues prediction markets enforcement advisory | The advisory clarifies that the CFTC's anti-manipulation authority under Section 6(c)(1) and Rule 180.1 reaches event-contract trading. |
| SR029 | Bitrue | CFTC prediction markets insider trading: Kalshi and Paradigm 2026 | The CFTC's advisory and recent disciplinary cases sharpen the legal exposure for prediction-market traders and platforms. |
| SR030 | Bankless Times | CFTC withdraws ban on political prediction markets like Kalshi and Polymarket | The CFTC's withdrawal effectively ends federal opposition to political prediction markets traded on registered exchanges. |
| SR031 | All About Lawyer | How is Kalshi legal? CFTC drops appeal but 8 states fight back in court | Eight states have moved against Kalshi even as the CFTC withdrew its federal opposition to its political markets. |
| SR032 | Sacra | Kalshi company profile | Roughly 89% of Kalshi's 2025 fee revenue came from sports event contracts, according to Sacra's estimate. |
| SR033 | FinancialContent / PredictStreet | The democratization of destiny: how Robinhood and Kalshi mainstreamed prediction markets | Robinhood now drives a disproportionate share of Kalshi's daily contract volume through its prediction-markets hub. |
| SR034 | iGaming Business | CFTC dismissal of appeal in Kalshi election betting case | Industry coverage frames the CFTC's appeal dismissal as a watershed for federally regulated event contracts. |
| SR035 | Kalshi | Kalshi Terms of Service | Users agree to mandatory arbitration and acknowledge that Kalshi may suspend trading and resolve disputed markets at its discretion. |
| SV001 | Reuters | Kalshi's valuation doubles on strong interest in prediction markets platforms | "Event contracts may be seen as speculative, but the explosive growth of Kalshi and Polymarket indicates they are more than just betting mediums" — Rudy Yang, senior emerging technology analyst at PitchBook. |
| SV002 | Yahoo Finance | Kalshi Raises $1B at $22B Valuation — Is Polymarket Next? | "Kalshi has secured a new raise at $22 billion, doubling its valuation in just months, highlighting growing investor appetite for event-based trading platforms—even as broader tech markets remain cautious." |
| SV003 | FinTech Global | Kalshi reportedly hits $22bn valuation after $1bn raise | "The close of the investment round brings the company's valuation to $22bn, which WSJ sites with sources familiar to the matter. The deal was led by Coatue Management." |
| SV004 | BraveNewCoin | Kalshi Raises $300 Million and Launches in 140 Countries | "Just days before Kalshi's announcement, Polymarket secured a $2 billion investment from Intercontinental Exchange, owner of the New York Stock Exchange, at a $9 billion valuation." |
| SV005 | TechFundingNews | Immigrant founders' Kalshi secures $1B led by Paradigm, hits $11B valuation | |
| SV006 | BitNewsBot | Prediction Market Kalshi Hits $2B Valuation In $185M Series C Round | |
| SV007 | Yogonet International | Kalshi secures $185 million Series C funding round as prediction markets gain momentum | |
| SV008 | Covers.com | Kalshi Receives $185 Million in Funding, Increases Valuation to $2 Billion | |
| SV009 | Macrotrends | CME Group Market Cap 2010-2025 | CME Group market cap as of January 10, 2025 is $83.86B. |
| SV010 | Macrotrends | Robinhood Markets Revenue 2020-2025 | Robinhood Markets annual revenue for 2024 was $2.951B, a 58.23% increase from 2023. |
| SV011 | Macrotrends | DraftKings Market Cap 2019-2026 | DraftKings market cap as of March 13, 2026 is $10.83B. |
| SV012 | Macrotrends | Flutter Entertainment Revenue 2023-2025 | Flutter Entertainment annual revenue for 2025 was $16.383B, a 16.62% increase from 2024. |
| SV013 | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (CME Group Inc.) | CME Group Form 10-K Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025 | "In 2025, CME Group futures and options had record average daily volume (ADV) of 28.1 million contracts... Our joint venture with FanDuel, a part of Flutter Entertainment plc, launched in December 2025." |
| SV014 | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (CME Group Inc.) | EDGAR Filing Documents for CME Group 10-K (Accession 0001156375-26-000009) | |
| SV015 | Wikipedia | CME Group — Wikipedia | "Revenue: US$6.13 billion (2024); Operating income: US$3.93 billion (2024); Net income: US$3.48 billion (2024)." |
| SV016 | Wikipedia | Robinhood Markets — Wikipedia | "Revenue: US$4.47 billion (2025); Over 200 million option contracts and 3 billion event contracts are traded monthly on the Robinhood platform." |
| SV017 | Better Markets | Senate Hearing on Sports Betting Shows CFTC Should Not Regulate Gambling | "When Americans wager on Kalshi and Polymarket on the outcome of hockey or football games, they overwhelmingly view it as sports betting, not trading in financial derivatives… A CFTC that attempts to pretend that event contracts on sporting events are a financial derivative and not gambling betrays its core mission." |
| SV018 | Crunchbase News | Kalshi Secures $1B To Expand Predictions Market Platform | |
| SV019 | Time | TIME100 Most Influential Companies 2026: Kalshi | "Kalshi is valued at $22 billion, has more than 5 million users… Kalshi generated $263.5 million in fee revenue in 2025." |
| SV020 | CNBC | Kalshi raises $1 billion at $22 billion valuation | |
| SV021 | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (DraftKings Inc.) | EDGAR Full-Text Search — DraftKings 10-K Filing Listing | |
| SV022 | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (Robinhood Markets Inc.) | EDGAR Full-Text Search — Robinhood Markets 10-K Filing Listing | |
| SV023 | IQ.wiki | Kalshi Milestones — IQ.wiki | |
| SV024 | CME Group Inc. | CME Group Investor Relations | |
| SV025 | Robinhood Markets Inc. | Annual Reports — Robinhood Investor Relations | |
| SV026 | Macrotrends | Robinhood Markets Market Cap 2020-2025 | Robinhood Markets market cap as of November 12, 2025 is $118.18B. |
| SV027 | Macrotrends | DraftKings Revenue 2019-2025 | DraftKings annual revenue for 2024 was $4.768B, a 30.07% increase from 2023. |
| SV028 | Macrotrends | Flutter Entertainment Market Cap 2023-2025 | Flutter Entertainment market cap as of June 13, 2025 is $46.75B. |
| SV029 | Macrotrends | CME Group Revenue 2010-2024 | CME Group annual revenue for 2023 was $5.579B, a 11.15% increase from 2022. |
| SV030 | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (CME Group Inc.) | EDGAR Filing Documents Index — CME Group Inc. 10-K (FY2024) | |
| SV031 | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (Robinhood Markets Inc.) | EDGAR Filing Documents — Robinhood 10-K/A FY2025 Index | |
| SV032 | Macrotrends | Robinhood Markets Revenue 2020-2025 (Full Year 2025) | "Robinhood Markets revenue for the twelve months ending June 30, 2025 was $3.567B, a 59.38% increase year-over-year." |